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We offer this framework and these example questions in the spirit of stimulating additional research. As Achilles (1994) pointed out, calls for reform have been made for decades. Yet responses to these warnings have been less than clear and unaccompanied by evidence that the field has succeeded in making a difference. Within this context understanding what the field does and why becomes central to its future. Neo-institutional theory provides a valuable means to contribute to this much-needed understanding.

References

Abbott, A. (1988). The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Achilles, C. M. (1994). Searching for the Golden Fleece: The epic struggle continues. Educational Administration Quarterly, 30(1), 6-26.

Aldrich, H. (2000). Organizations evolving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Barnett, B. G., Basom, M. R., Yerkes, D. M.,&Norris, C. J. (2000). Cohorts in educational leadership preparation programs: Benefits, difficulties, and the potential for developing school leaders. Educational Administration Quarterly, 36(2), 255-282.

Basom, M. R., Yerkes, D. M., Norris, C. J.,&Barnett, B. G. (1995). Exploring cohorts: Effects on principal preparation and leadership practice. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED387857).

Bolman, L. G.,&Deal, T. E. (2003). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Clark, D. C.,&Clark, S. N. (1997). Addressing dilemmas inherent in educational leadership preparation programs through collaborative restructuring. Peabody Journal of Education, 72(2), 21-41.

Cohen, M. D., March, J. G.,&Olsen, J. P. (1972). A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1 (1), 1-25.

Cordeiro, P. A., Krueger, J. A., Parks, D., Restine, N.,&Wilson, P. T. (1993). Taking stock: Learnings gleaned from universities participating in the Danforth program. In M. Milsten and Associates (Eds.), Changing the way we prepare educational leaders: The Danforth experience (pp. 17-38). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press Inc.

DiMaggio, P. J.,&Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147-160.

English, F. W. (2006). The unintended consequences of a standardized knowledge base in advancing educational leadership preparation. Educational Administration Quarterly, 42(3), 461-472.

Galaskiewicz, J.,&Wasserman, S. (1989). Mimetic processes within an interorganizational field: An empirical test. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(3), 454-480.

Gates, G. S. (1997). Isomorphism, homogeneity, and rationalism in university retrenchment. The Review of Higher Education, 20(3), 253-275.

Glasman, N. S.,&Glasman, L. D. (1997). Connecting the preparation of school leaders to the practice of school leadership. Peabody Journal of Education, 72(2), 3-20.

Greenwood, R.,&Hinings, C. R. (1996). Understanding organizational change: Bringing together the old and the new institutionalism. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1022-1054.

Questions & Answers

what is microbiology
Agebe Reply
What is a cell
Odelana Reply
what is cell
Mohammed
how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
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Source:  OpenStax, The handbook of doctoral programs: issues and challenges. OpenStax CNX. Dec 10, 2007 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10427/1.3
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