0.5 History and global distribution  (Page 3/4)

During the year 2000, the birth rate for the world was 22 and the death rate was 9. Thus, the world's population grew at a rate of 1.3 percent. The annual rate of population change for a particular city or region is also affected by immigration (movement of people into a region) and emigration (movement out of a region).

Highly industrialized nations, like the United States, Canada, Japan and Germany, generally have low birth and death rates. Annual rates of natural population change vary from -0.1% to 0.5%. In some industrial nations (e.g. Germany and Russia) death rates exceed birth rates so the net population decreases over time. Newly industrialized countries (e.g. South Korea, Mexico and China) have moderate birth rates and low death rates. The low death rates result from better sanitation, better heath care and stable food production that accompany industrialization. The annual rates of natural population change are about 1 percent to 2 percent in these countries. Countries with limited industrial development (e.g. Pakistan and Ethiopia) tend to have high birth rates and moderate to low death rates. These nations are growing rapidly with annual rates of natural population change exceeding 2 percent.

Several factors influence human fertility . Important factors influencing birth and fertility rates in human populations are: affluence, average marriage age, availability of birth control, family labor needs, cultural beliefs, religious beliefs and the cost of raising and educating children.

The rapid growth of the world's population over the past 100 years is mainly results from a decline in death rates. Reasons for the drop in death rates include: better nutrition, fewer infant deaths, increased average life span and improvements in medical technology.

As countries become developed and industrialized, they experience a movement from high population growth to low population growth. Both death and birth rates decline.

These countries usually move from rapid population growth, to slow growth, to zero growth and finally to a reduction in population. This shift in growth rate with development is called the " demographic transition ." Four distinct stages occur during the transition: pre-industrial, transitional, industrial and post-industrial.

During the pre-industrial stage , harsh living conditions result in a high birth rate and a high death rate. The population grows very slowly, if at all. The transitional stage begins shortly after industrialization. During this phase, the death rate drops because of increased food production and better sanitation and health conditions, but, the birth rate remains high. Therefore, the population grows rapidly.

During the industrial stage , industrialization is well established in the country. The birth rate drops and eventually approaches the death rate. Couples in cities realize that children are expensive to raise and that having large families restrict their job opportunities. The post-industrial stage occurs when the birth rate declines even further to equal the death rate, thus population growth reaches zero. The birth rate may eventually fall below the death rate, resulting in negative population growth.