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- Music appreciation: its language
- Music appreciation: its language
- Chapter 4: european art music:
Milestones in music
- First printed collection of polyphonic music by Ottaviano Petrucci, Venice, 1501; in 1520s and 1530s music printing houses founded in London, Paris, Venice, Rome, Nuremberg, and Antwerp.
- Publication of tutors on composing music and playing instruments.
- Founding of first conservatories of music in Naples and Venice, 1537.
- Early development of the violin, 1550s.
- Florentine Camerata meets in the home of Giovanni Bardi and speculates about the correct performance of Greek drama leading to the creation of recitative style singing and the invention of opera, 1573 to c. 1590.
Musical genres
- Motet: setting of Latin sacred text; principal performance medium a cappella chorus of soprano, alto, tenor bass; texture of imitative counterpoint. Josquin des Prez set the model for the Renaissance motet.
- Mass: setting of texts of the Mass Ordinary; principal performance medium a cappella chorus of soprano, alto, tenor bass; texture of imitative counterpoint. Almost all Renaissance composers wrote masses.
- Madrigal: setting of secular text; principal performance medium a cappella chorus of soprano, alto, tenor bass; texture of imitative counterpoint; main secular genre in Italy and England; use of word painting to illustrate text images.
- Chanson: a cappella setting of secular text; principal performance medium a cappella chorus of soprano, alto, tenor, bass; principal secular genre in France.
- Chorale: setting of German sacred text; introduced by Martin Luther for congregational singing.
- Canzona: instrumental adaptation of the chanson. Giovanni Gabrieli’s canzones were probably composed for religious celebrations at St. Mark’s in Venice.
- Dances: instrumental works to accompany dancing, often paired as a slow dance with gliding movements followed by a faster dance with leaping movements.
- Johannes Ockeghem (ca. 1420–1497): composer of sacred and secular music, active in Antwerp; teacher of many early Renaissance composers.
- Josquin des Prez (ca. 1440–1521): Franco-Flemish composer; see Musician Biographies.
- Giovanni Gabrieli: Italian composer; director of music at St. Mark’s in Venice.
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525–1594): Italian composer of sacred and secular music; credited with introducing Counterreformation reforms following the Council of Trent; referred to by contemporaries as The Prince of Music.
- William Byrd (1543–1623): English composer of sacred and secular vocal music and works for the keyboard.
- Tomas Luis de Victoria (1548–1611): Spanish composer of sacred music.
- Donatello (1368-1466): Italian sculptor; works depicting religious subjects for churches and chapels in Florence, Siena, Padua, Venice.
- Filippo Brunelleschi (1372-1446): Italian architect, designer of dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.
- Fra Angelico (1387-1455): Italian painter; frescoes of New Testament scenes in Florence and the Vatican.
- Johann Gutenberg (ca. 1396-1468): German printer; first Bible printed using movable type.
- Fra Filippo Lippi (ca. 1406-1469): Italian painter, especially esteemed for his frescoes and altarpieces.
- Hans Memling (1433-1484): Dutch painter active in Bruges; altarpieces, portraits notable for attention to facial detail; Adoration of the Magi, The Last Judgment.
- Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510): Italian painter; Birth of Venus.
- Lorenzo de’ Medici, “The Magnificent”; (1449-1492): Florentine aristocrat and important patron of artists, including Leonardo da Vinci.
- Christopher Columbus (1451-1506): Italian explorer; voyages to the “new world”; 1492-1504.
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, inventor, philosopher; The Last Supper, Mona Lisa; scientific drawings.
- Erasmus of Rotterdam (1465-1536): humanist, theologian, and writer on free will, superstition, religious orthodoxy; credited with the adage “In the land of the blind the one-eyed man is king.”
- Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): Italian writer and politician; author of The Prince, an examination of the nature and exercise of political power.
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Polish astronomer; observations on movement of planets and stars.
- Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564): Italian sculptor, painter, poet, architect; Pieta, ceiling and fresco of The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican; chief architect of St. Peter’s, Rome.
- Titian (1477-1576): Italian painter of portraits and landscapes, mythological and religious subjects, active in Venice and Spain.
- Thomas More (1478-1535): English lawyer, statesman, and humanist; executed for his opposition to Henry VIII’s establishing Church of England with himself as its head; author of Utopia which describes an ideal, imaginary nation.
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): German religious reformer, founder of Protestanism; translated The Bible into German.
- Henry VIII (1491-1547): king of England, 1509 to 1547; established Church of England in defiance of Rome’s refusal to grant him a divorce.
- Jean Calvin (1509-1564): founder of Calvinism, form of Protestantism adopted by the Pilgrims.
- Tintoretto (1518-1594): Italian painter; scenes from the life of Christ and of the Virgin Mary in the Scuolo San Rocco in Venice; also painted mythological scenes and portraits.
- Elizabeth I (1533-1603): queen of England 1558 to 1603, referred to as England’s Golden Age; a gifted and well educated monarch, lover of theater, music, and dance.
- El Greco (1541-1614): Spanish-Greek painter; paintings and altarpieces of mystical intensity in Toledo; also portraits; View of Toledo in New York’s Metropolitan Museum.
- Torquato Tasso (1544-1595): Italian poet; author of Jerusalem Delivered about the Third Crusade.
- Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616): Spanish writer, author of Don Quixote.
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): English lawyer, politician, and philosopher at the court of Elizabeth I.
- William Shakespeare (1564-1616): English playwright and poet; author of Romeo and Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, Macbeth, numerous history plays, sonnets.
- Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593): English playwright, author of Tamburlaine and Dr. Faustus.
- Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Italian scientist, experiments in the study of gravity and astronomy; in 1633 condemned by the Catholic Church to lifelong imprisonment for defending Copernicus’s theory that the earth revolves around the sun.
Source:
OpenStax, Music appreciation: its language, history and culture. OpenStax CNX. Jun 03, 2015 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11803/1.1
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