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- Music appreciation: its language
- Music appreciation: its language
- Chapter 4: european art music:
Milestones in music
- Founding of Royal Academy of Music, London, 1822.
- Improvements in piano mechanism by French maker Erard, 1823.
- Patent of the saxophone by Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax, 1841.
- Founding of piano firm Steinway and Sons, New York, 1853.
- New York Symphony gives its first public concert, 1858.
- Metropolitan Opera House opens in New York, 1883.
- First magnetic sound recordings, 1899.
Musical genres
- Art song: setting of a poetic text, usually for voice and piano. Schubert and Schumann were both masters of the art song.
- Concerto: work for instrumental soloist and orchestra with prominent display of virtuosity. The violinist Paganini and the pianist Liszt wrote concertos to show off their astonishing technical abilities.
- Opera: as in previous periods, a drama set to music; heavy emphasis on bel canto (“beautiful singing”;) and vocal virtuosity. The operas of Verdi, Puccini, and Wagner are standard repertory of opera companies today.
- Program symphony: orchestral work that musically depicts a story, images, events, or other nonmusical subjects. Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony, Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique, nationalistic orchestral works of Smetana, and the tone poems of Liszt and Strauss exemplify this genre.
- Symphony: as in the classical period, a large-scale work for orchestra. Symphonies by Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Dvorak, and Mahler are staples of the orchestral repertory.
- Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827): German late classical/early romantic composer; see Musician Biographies.
- Nicolo Paganini (1782-1840): Italian composer and violin virtuoso.
- Franz Schubert (1797-1828): Austrian composer; see Musician Biographies.
- Hector Berlioz (1803-1869): French composer.
- Frederic Chopin (1810-1849): Polish-born composer and pianist.
- Robert Schumann (1810-1856): German composer.
- Franz Liszt (1811-1886): Hungarian-born composer and piano virtuoso.
- Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901): Italian opera composer; see Musician Biographies.
- Richard Wagner (1813-1883): German opera composer.
- Clara Wieck Schumann (1819-1896): German pianist; see Musician Biographies.
- Bedrick Smetana (1824-1884): Czech nationalist composer.
- Stephen Foster (1826-1864): American songwriter.
- Johannes Brahms (1833-1897): German composer.
- Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881): Russian composer.
- Peter Illich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893): Russian composer.
- Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904): Czech composer; see Musician Biographies.
- Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924): Italian opera composer; see Musician Biographies.
- Gustav Mahler (1860-1911): German composer.
- Claude Debussy (1862-1918): French impressionist composer.
- Francisco de Goya (1746-1828): Spanish painter; portraits of royalty; other subjects include inhumanity of war.
- William Blake (1757-1827): English poet and artist; author of Songs of Innocence; illustrator of the Bible and works by Dante and Shakespeare.
- William Wordsworth (1770-1850): English poet; Lyrical Ballads anthology; Tintern Abbey, The Prelude.
- Walter Scott (1771-1832): Scottish poet and historical novelist; Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Lady of the Lake.
- Joseph Turner (1775-1851): English landscape painter; subjects include London, scenes at sea, Venice; The Grand Canal Venice at Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
- E.T.A. Hoffmann (1776-1822): German composer and writer; collections of folk tales; story enacted in Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker.
- Clemens Brentano (1778-1842): German author and poet.
- Lord Byron (1788-1824): English poet; his peripatetic wanderings and rebellious character inspired the concept of the”Byronic hero;”; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage.
- Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860): German philosopher; observations on desire and will coincidentally similar to principles of Buddhism.
- Joseph Eichendorff (1788-1857): German writer, author of poems set by Schumann.
- Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822): English poet; critic of oppressions, organized religion, and convention; Ozymandias.
- Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1796-1875): French painter of realistic landscapes.
- Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863): French painter; scenes of war, travels in Africa; Liberty Leading the People; portrait of Chopin.
- Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837): Russian poet and writer; father of modern Russian literature; operas based on Pushkin include Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades.
- Honore Balzac (1799-1850): French author of realistic novels; Le Pere Goriot, La Cousine Bette.
- Victor Hugo (1802-1885): French poet and writer on political, social, and artistic issues; Les Miserables, The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
- Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870): French author of adventure novels; The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882): American philosopher, poet, orator, essayist; writings on transcendentalism, abolition of slavery.
- John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): English philosopher; On Liberty.
- Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861): English poet; Sonnets from the Portuguese (“How do I love thee? Let me count the ways”;).
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882): American poet; Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere’s Ride.
- Jefferson Davis (1808-1889): leader of Confederacy during U.S. Civil War
- Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865): sixteenth president of the United States; Gettysburg Address, Emancipation Proclamation.
- Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849): American author; Fall of the House of Usher, The Raven.
- Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892): English poet; Idylls of the King, Charge of the Light Brigade.
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): English naturalist; On the Origin of the Species, The Descent of Man.
- Robert Browning (1812-1889): English poet; anthologies of poetry and dramatic monologues.
- Charles Dickens (1812-1870): Victorian writer of novels on social evils and injustice; Oliver Twist, Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A Christmas Carol.
- Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855): Danish philosopher; writings on social issues and Christian faith.
- Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898): German statesman; first chancellor of unified Germany.
- Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855): English novelist; Jane Eyre, Villette.
- Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862): American transcendentalist, naturalist, philosopher; On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walden, The Maine Woods.
- Emily Bronte (1818-1848): English novelist; Wuthering Heights.
- Karl Marx (1818-1883): German political philosopher and socialist; Das Kapital.
- Victoria (1819-1901): Queen of England, 1837 to 1901; proclaimed Empress of India, 1877.
- George Eliot (1819-1880): pen name of the English novelist Marian Evans; Adam Bede, Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner, Middlemarch.
- Herman Melville (1819-1891): American novelist; Moby Dick, Typee, Omoo, Billy Budd.
- Walt Whitman (1819-1892): American poet, journalist, humanist; Leaves of Grass, Song of Myself.
- Gustave Courbet (1819-1877): French painter of realistic landscapes, seascapes, common people.
- John Ruskin (1819-1900): English art and social critic; champion of pre-Raphaelite painters; advocate of conservation and economic socialism.
- Gregor Mendel (1822-1884): Austrian monk and geneticist; studies of inherited traits; laws of genetic dominance and recessiveness
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): French microbiologist; germ theory of disease; developed process of pasteurization; pioneer in fields of vaccination and immunization.
- Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906): Norwegian playwright and practitioner of dramatic realism; Peer Gynt, A Doll’s House, Ghosts, An Enemy of the People, The Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler.
- Emily Dickinson (1830-1886): American poet; reflections on nature, love, life, and death distinguished by elusive meanings and idiosyncratic use of rhyme and syntax.
- Edouard Manet (1832-1883): French Impressionist painter; scenes of contemporary Parisian life.
- Mark Twain (1835-1910): American novelist and humorist; Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, Life on the Mississippi.
- Winslow Homer (1836-1910): American painter; landscapes and seascapes.
- Paul Cezanne (1839-1906): French Impressionist painter; late works anticipate cubism and abstraction in use of natural forms in landscapes, still lifes, portraits.
- John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937): American industrialist; founder of Standard Oil.
- Claude Monet (1840-1926): French Impressionist painter; explored effects of changing light on color and form; gardens and lily ponds at his home in Giverny.
- Pierre Renoir (1840-1919): French Impressionist painter and sculptor; people at leisure, nudes, outdoor scenes.
- William James (1842-1910): American philosopher and psychologist; educational psychology; nature of the self, religious belief, conscioness; Principles of Psychology, The Meaning of Truth.
- Henry James (1843-1916): American writer; Daisy Miller, Portrait of a Lady, Turn of the Screw.
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): German philosopher; Birth of Tragedy, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.
- Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922): Scottish-born American inventor in communications; inventor of the telephone and microphone; techniques for teaching speech to the deaf.
- Paul Gauguin (1848-1903): French Post-Impressionist painter; richly colored depictions of native life in South Sea islands.
- Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890): Dutch painter; precursor of expressionism; still lifes, self portraits, Starry Night, Wheatfields with Crows, Bedroom at Arles.
- George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950): English-Irish dramatist, literary and music critic, social activist; 1925 Nobel Prize for Literature; Pygmalion, Saint Joan, Man and Superman, Heartbreak House.
- Oscar Wilde (1856-1900): Irish poet and playwright; Picture of Dorian Gray, Lady Windermere’s Fan, Importance of Being Earnest, Salome, De Profundis.
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austrian physician, founder of psychoanalysis; Interpretation of Dreams.
- John Dewey (1859-1952): American pragmatist philosopher and educator; Democracy and Education, Art as Experience, Freedom and Culture.
- Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930): Scottish author of science fiction, historical novels, crime fiction, creator of Sherlock Holmes.
- Edvard Munch (1863-1944): Norwegian painter and printmaker; expressionist themes; The Scream.
- Henry Ford (1863-1947): American automobile pioneer and manufacturer.
- William Butler Yeats (1865-1939): Irish poet and dramatist; 1923 Nobel Prize for Literature; founder of Irish Academy of Letters, published Oxford Book of Verse.
Source:
OpenStax, Music appreciation: its language, history and culture. OpenStax CNX. Jun 03, 2015 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11803/1.1
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