1.1 An introduction to the human body Read Online
1.2 The chemical level of organization Read Online
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Though you may approach a course in anatomy and physiology strictly as a requirement for your field of study, the knowledge you gain in this course will serve you well in many aspects of your life. An understanding of anatomy and physiology is not only fundamental to any career in the health professions, but it can also benefit your own health. Familiarity with the human body can help you make healthful choices and prompt you to take appropriate action when signs of illness arise. Your knowledge in this field will help you understand news about nutrition, medications, medical devices, and procedures and help you understand genetic or infectious diseases. At some point, everyone will have a problem with some aspect of his or her body and your knowledge can help you to be a better parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, or caregiver.
This chapter begins with an overview of anatomy and physiology and a preview of the body regions and functions. It then covers the characteristics of life and how the body works to maintain stable conditions. It introduces a set of standard terms for body structures and for planes and positions in the body that will serve as a foundation for more comprehensive information covered later in the text. It ends with examples of medical imaging used to see inside the living body.
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Question: The strongest risk factor that favor progression of infection to active pulmonary tuberculosis
Choices:
Renal failure
Malnutrition
Immunosuppression
AIDS
Question: Which among the first-line anti-tuberculous drugs is bacteriostatic?
Choices:
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Question: How long after a person with tuberculosis has left will a room remain infectious?
Choices:
Infectious droplets will remain infectious up to 30 minutes after a person has left the room
Infectious droplets will remain infectious up to 15 minutes after a person has left the room
Infectious droplets will remain infectious only until after a person has left the room
Infectious droplets will remain infectious up to 60 minutes after a person has left the room
Question: Which of the following is considered extended drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
Choices:
sputum MTB isolate resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin
sputum MTB isolate resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin
sputum MTB isolate resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, moxifloxacin and amikacin
sputum MTB isolate resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, ofloxacin and streptomycin
Question: Which best describes skin lesions of lepromatous leprosy?
Choices:
Symmetric, poorly marginated, multiple infiltrated nodules and plaques or diffuse infiltration; hypesthesia is a late sign
One or few sharply-defined annular asymmetric macules or plaques with a tendency toward central clearing; elevated borders; early anesthetic skin lesions
Ill-defined plaques with an occasional sharp margin; few or many in number; hypesthetic or anesthetic skin lesions
Asymmetric, well-defined, multiple infiltrated nodules and plaques or diffuse infiltration; hypesthesia is an early sign
Question: A 40 year-old indigent was seen at the outpatient department due to an anesthetic patch over his left forearm. A skin biopsy was done and revealed tuberculoid or paucibacillary lepropsy. Based on WHO, how will this patient be managed?
Choices:
He will be given dapsone 100mg/day PLUS rifampicin 600mg/month for 6 months
He will be given dapsone 100mg/day PLUS clofazimine 50mg/day AND rifampicin 600mg/month PLUS clofazimine 300mg monthly for 1 year
He will be given dapsone 100mg/day for 1 year
He will be given rifampicin 600mg/day for 3 years PLUS dapsone 100mg/day indefinitely
Question: Which is the recommended cut-off measurement of a positive tuberculin skin test in the following individuals?
Choices:
5mm or more induration in an individual with type 2 DM
5mm or more induration in an individual with end-stage renal disease
5mm or more induration in an individual with HIV
10mm or more induration in an individual who is a close contact of a TB patient
Question: What is the estimated amount of TB bacilli required for sputum AFB positivity?
Choices:
10 organisms/mL
100 organisms/mL
1,000 organisms/mL
10,000 organisms/mL
Question: The most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Choices:
Skeletal tuberculosis
Tuberculous meningitis
Tuberculous lymphadenitis
Tuberculous peritonitis
Question: Which best describes CSF analysis of a patient with TB meningitis?
Choices:
CSF: WBC 500/L, lymphocytes 90%; protein 8g/L (800mg/dL), glucose 30mg/dL
CSF: WBC 10,000/L, PMNs 90%; protein 7g/L (700mg/dL), glucose 30mg/dL
CSF: WBC 4/L, lymphocytes 80%; protein 40mg/dL, glucose 40mg/dL
CSF: WBC 15,000/L, PMNs 90%; protein 10g/L 1000mg/dL), glucose 30mg/dL
Question: In treating persons with MDR-TB, how soon can they be removed from isolation?
Choices:
Removal from respiratory isolation can be done after at least two negative sputum smears done 24 hours apart
Removal from respiratory isolation can be done after at least two negative sputum smears done at least 8 hours apart
Removal from respiratory isolation is possible after 3 consecutive negative smears at least 8 hours apart
Removal from respiratory isolation is possible after 3 consecutive negative smears done 24 hours apart
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