0.1 Module 2 anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive  (Page 6/61)

The menstrual cycle THIRD PORTION OF READING STARTS HERE

The timing of the menstrual cycle    starts with the first day of menses, referred to as day one of a woman’s period. Cycle length is determined by counting the days between the onset of bleeding in two cycles. Because the average length of a woman’s menstrual cycle is 28 days, this is the time period used to identify the timing of events in the cycle. However, the length of the menstrual cycle varies among women, and even in the same woman from one cycle to the next, typically from 21 to 32 days.

Hormones produced by reproductive system “drive” the phases of the ovarian cycle, they also control the three distinct phases of the menstrual cycle. These are the menses phase, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase.

Menses phase

The menses phase    of the menstrual cycle is the phase during which the lining is shed; that is, the days that the woman menstruates. Although it averages approximately five days, the menses phase can last from 2 to 7 days, or longer. As shown in [link] , the menses phase occurs during the early days of the ovarian cycle, when progesterone, FSH, and LH levels are low. The decline in progesterone triggers the shedding of the endometrium.

Hormone levels in ovarian and menstrual cycles

Proliferative phase

Once menstrual flow ceases, the endometrium begins to thicken again, marking the beginning of the proliferative phase    of the menstrual cycle (see [link] ). It occurs when the the ovaries begin to produce increased amounts of estrogen. These rising estrogen concentrations stimulate the endometrial lining to rebuild. Ovulation marks the end of the proliferative phase as well as the end of the follicular phase.

Secretory phase

High estrogen levels increase the uterine tube contractions that facilitate the pick-up and transfer of the ovulated oocyte. High estrogen levels also slightly decrease the acidity of the vagina, making it more hospitable to sperm. In the ovary, the empty follicle forms the progesterone-producing corpus luteum, marking the beginning of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. In the uterus, progesterone from the corpus luteum    begins the secretory phase    of the menstrual cycle, in which the endometrial lining prepares for implantation (see [link] ). Over the next 10 to 12 days, the endometrial glands secrete a fluid rich in glycogen. If fertilization has occurred, this fluid will nourish the ball of cells now developing from the zygote.

If no pregnancy occurs within approximately 10 to 12 days, the corpus luteum will degrade into the corpus albicans. Levels of both estrogen and progesterone will fall, and the endometrium will grow thinner. Prostaglandins will be secreted that cause constriction of the spiral arteries, reducing oxygen supply. The endometrial tissue will die, resulting in menses—or the first day of the next cycle.