Card 91 / 104: A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on his classes. He hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chairman. Betty is a real people pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confi rm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came in but she still wouldn’t ask a question. Both Linda and Betty exemplify
A) internal versus external validity.
B) ipsative versus normative interpretation of test scores
C) the use of the nonparametric chi-square test
D) demand characteristics of experiments.

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