Race and ethnicity  (Page 15/22)

1962—South Carolina begins to fly Confederate Flag over capitol dome

1998— James Byrd Jr . dragged to death in Jasper TX. For more information see: Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act ; Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act .

1998—Matthew Shephard murdered because he was gay. Current, Richard N. and T. Harry Williams, Frank Freidel, Alan Brinkley. American History: A Survey Sixth Edition . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1987. U. S. Census Bureau. HYPERLINK http://:www.census.gov/prod/; (External Link) ; The Official Statistics: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1998 . Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act ; Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act .

W.e.b. (william edward burghardt) dubois

W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt) DuBois (pronounced dooboyz) lived from 1868 to 1963. He was the first African American to get a PhD in Sociology from Harvard. He wrote The Souls of Black Folk in 1903. He edited The Crisis during the Harlem Renaissance, and was an early member of the Niagara Movement which later became the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). DuBois was the first African American president of the American Sociological Society. As a young man, he believed in the promise of the United States as a country where all people could be equal and free. He spent his life as a sociologist, social critic, and civil rights activist. His 1903 book, The Souls of Black Folk was about the socioeconomic and sociopolitical circumstances of African Americans following the Civil War and in the first years of the 20th century. He wrote:

The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line.

How does it feel to be a problem?

. . . the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil and gifted with second sight in this American world—a world that yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world. It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.

The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife—this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self . . . He simply wishes to make it possible for a man to be both a Negro and an American, without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows, without having the doors of Opportunity closed in his face. ^{(External Link)&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1}

Sally hemings

Thomas Jefferson, slave owner, primary author of the Declaration of Independence , third President of the United States, founder of the University of Virginia, polymath, rapist, and father of Sally Hemings’s children, wrote about his social conflict over the issue of slavery:

. . . I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his justice

cannot sleep forever . .