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Review questions

What are the human health hazards of vinyl chloride?

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What are the human toxicity values (RfD, CSF) of vinyl chloride and how are these values estimated?

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How do you calculate the dose received by children and adults via ingestion of vinyl chloride-contaminated drinking water under the RME scenario? Please document and explain your assumptions along with your references for the exposure parameters for each receptor of concern

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How do you calculate RME cancer and noncancer risks to children and adults for the above exposure scenario?

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What does excess cancer risk of three cases out of ten thousand exposed (3x10 -4 ) signify?

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If drinking water were also contaminated with benzene, how would you estimate cumulative cancer and noncancer risks associated with exposure to drinking water contaminated with vinyl chloride and benzene for children and adults under the RME scenario?

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References

Burmaster, D.E.&Harris, R.H. (1993). The magnitude of compounding conservatisms in Superfund risk assessments. Risk Analysis , 13 , 131-34.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1989). Risk assessment guidance for Superfund, volume I: Human health evaluation manual (Part A) (Interim Final) ( EPA/540/1-89002). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1990, March 8). National contingency plan. Federal Register , 55 , 8848. Washington, DC.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1993, September). SI 400: Introduction to risk assessment and risk management for hazardous air pollutants. Air Pollution Training Institute. Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1997, August). Exposure factors handbook, volume I – General factors (EPA/600/P-95/002Fa). National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2001, December). Risk assessment guidance for Superfund, volume III – Part A: Process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment (EPA540-R-02-002). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2002a, December). Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for Superfund sites (OSWER 9355.4-24). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2002b, September). Child-specific exposure factors handbook (EPA-600-P-00-002B). Interim Report. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2003, December 5). Human health toxicity values in Superfund risk assessments (OSWER Directive 9285.7-53). Memorandum from Michael B. Cook, Director of Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation to Superfund National Policy Managers, Regions 1 – 10. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2004a, July). Risk assessment guidance for Superfund, volume I: Human health evaluation manual (Part E, supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment) (EPA/540/R/99/005). Final. Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Washington, DC.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2004b, April). ProUCL Version 3.00.02 user's guide and software (EPA/600/R04/079). Prepared by Anita Singh and Robert Maichle with Lockheed Martin Environmental Services and Ashok K. Singh of University of Nevada for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Erdal, S. (2007). Case study: Multi-pathway risk assessment for adults and children living near a hazardous waste site. In M.G. Robson&W.A. Toscano (Eds.), Environmental Health Risk Assessment for Public Health (pp. 523-530). Association of Schools of Public Health.

Lilienfeld A.M.&Lilienfeld, D.E. (1980). The French influence on the development of epidemiology. Henry E Sigerist Suppl Bull Hist Med , 4 , 28-42.

NAS (National Academy of Sciences). (1983). Risk assessment in the federal government: Managing the process . National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
what is titration
John Reply
what is physics
Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
what is inorganic
emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what's motion
Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
hello friend how are you
Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
Reofrir Reply
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Source:  OpenStax, Sustainability: a comprehensive foundation. OpenStax CNX. Nov 11, 2013 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11325/1.43
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