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5 x = 20 16 size 12{ { {5} over {x} } = { {"20"} over {"16"} } } {} . Find the cross product.

5 16 = 20 x 80 = 20 x Divide the product 80 by the known factor 20. 80 20 = x 4 = x The unknown number is 4.

This means that 5 4 = 20 16 size 12{ { {5} over {4} } = { {"20"} over {"16"} } } {} , or, 5 is to 4 as 20 is to 6.

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16 3 = 64 x size 12{ { {"16"} over {3} } = { {"64"} over {x} } } {} Find the cross product.

16 x = 64 3 16 x = 192 Divide 192 by 16. x = 192 16 x = 12 The unknown number is 12.

The means that 16 3 = 64 12 size 12{ { {"16"} over {3} } = { {"64"} over {"12"} } } {} , or, 16 is to 3 as 64 is to 12.

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9 8 = x 40 size 12{ { {9} over {8} } = { {x} over {"40"} } } {} Find the cross products.

9 40 = 8 x 360 = 8 x Divide 360 by 8. 360 8 = x 45 = x The unknown number is 45.

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Practice set b

Find the unknown number in each proportion.

x 8 = 12 32 size 12{ { {x} over {8} } = { {"12"} over {"32"} } } {}

x = 3 size 12{x=3} {}

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7 x = 14 10 size 12{ { {7} over {x} } = { {"14"} over {"10"} } } {}

x = 5 size 12{x=5} {}

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9 11 = x 55 size 12{ { {9} over {"11"} } = { {x} over {"55"} } } {}

x = 45 size 12{x="45"} {}

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1 6 = 8 x size 12{ { {1} over {6} } = { {8} over {x} } } {}

x = 48 size 12{x="48"} {}

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Proportions involving rates

Recall that a rate is a comparison, by division, of unlike denominate numbers. We must be careful when setting up proportions that involve rates. The form is impor­tant. For example, if a rate involves two types of units, say unit type 1 and unit type 2, we can write

unit type 1 over unit type 2 equals unit type 1 over unit type 2. The same units appear on the same side, in this case, the same units are part of the same fraction.

or

unit type 1 over unit type 2 equals unit type 1 over unit type 2. The same units appear on the same side, in this case, the same unit is in both denominators and the same unit is in both numerators.

Both cross products produce a statement of the type

unit type 1 unit type 2 = unit type 1 unit type 2 size 12{ left ("unit type 1" right ) cdot left ("unit type 2" right )= left ("unit type 1" right ) cdot left ("unit type 2" right )} {}

which we take to mean the comparison

A comparison of types of units.

Examples of correctly expressed proportions are the following:

Two proportions. The first is miles over hr equals miles over hour, where the same unit is always in the denominator. The second is miles over miles equals hours over hours, where the same unit is in its own fraction.

However, if we write the same type of units on different sides, such as,

unit type 1 unit type 2 = unit type 2 unit type 1 size 12{ { {"unit type 1"} over {"unit type 2"} } = { {"unit type 2"} over {"unit type 1"} } } {}

the cross product produces a statement of the form

A chart showing the comparison of different unit types.

We can see that this is an incorrect comparison by observing the following example: It is incorrect to write

2 hooks 3 poles = 6 poles 4 hooks size 12{ { {"2 hooks"} over {"3 poles"} } = { {"6 poles"} over {"4 hooks"} } } {}

for two reason.

  1. The cross product is numerically wrong: 2 4 3 6 size 12{ left (2 cdot 4<>3 cdot 6 right )} {} .
  2. The cross product produces the statement “hooks are to hooks as poles are to poles,” which makes no sense.

Exercises

A statement that two ratios or are equal is called a .

rates, proportion

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For the following 9 problems, write each proportion in fractional form.

3 is to 7 as 18 is to 42.

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1 is to 11 as 3 is to 33.

1 11 = 3 33 size 12{ { {1} over {"11"} } = { {3} over {"33"} } } {}

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9 is to 14 as 27 is to 42.

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6 is to 90 as 3 is to 45.

6 90 = 3 45 size 12{ { {6} over {"90"} } = { {3} over {"45"} } } {}

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5 liters is to 1 bottle as 20 liters is to 4 bottles.

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18 grams of cobalt is to 10 grams of silver as 36 grams of cobalt is to 20 grams of silver.

18   gr cobalt 10   gr silver = 36   gr cobalt 20   gr silver size 12{ { {"18"" gr cobalt"} over {"10"" gr silver"} } = { {"36"" gr cobalt"} over {"20"" gr silver"} } } {}

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4 cups of water is to 1 cup of sugar as 32 cups of water is to 8 cups of sugar.

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3 people absent is to 31 people present as 15 peo­ple absent is to 155 people present.

3   people absent 31 people present = 15   people absent 155   people present size 12{ { {3" people absent"} over {"31 people present"} } = { {"15"" people absent"} over {"155"" people present"} } } {}

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6 dollars is to 1 hour as 90 dollars is to 15 hours.

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For the following 10 problems, write each proportion as a sentence.

3 4 = 15 20 size 12{ { {3} over {4} } = { {"15"} over {"20"} } } {}

3 is to 4 as 15 is to 20

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1 8 = 5 40 size 12{ { {1} over {8} } = { {5} over {"40"} } } {}

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3 joggers 100   feet = 6 joggers 200   feet size 12{ { {"3 joggers"} over {"100"" feet"} } = { {"6 joggers"} over {"200"" feet"} } } {}

3 joggers are to 100 feet as 6 joggers are to 200 feet

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12 marshmallows 3   sticks = 36 marshmallows 9   sticks size 12{ { {"12 marshmallows"} over {3" sticks"} } = { {"36 marshmallows"} over {9" sticks"} } } {}

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40 miles 80 miles = 2 gallons 4 gallons size 12{ { {"40 miles"} over {"80 miles"} } = { {"2 gallons"} over {"5 gallons"} } } {}

40 miles are to 80 miles as 2 gallons are to 4 gallons

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4 couches 10   couches = 2 houses 5 houses size 12{ { {"4 couches"} over {"10"" couches"} } = { {"2 houses"} over {"5 houses"} } } {}

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1 person 1 job = 8 people 8 jobs size 12{ { {"1 person"} over {"1 job"} } = { {"8 people"} over {"8 jobs"} } } {}

1 person is to 1 job as 8 people are to 8 jobs

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1 popsicle 2   children = 1 2 popsicle 1 child size 12{ { {"1 popsicle"} over {2" children"} } = { { { {1} over {2} } " popsicle"} over {"1 child"} } } {}

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2,000 pounds 1   ton = 60,000 pounds 30   tons size 12{ { {"2,000 pounds"} over {1" ton"} } = { {"60,000 pounds"} over {"30"" tons"} } } {}

2,000 pounds are to 1 ton as 60,000 pounds are to 30 tons

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1   table 5 tables = 2 people 10 people size 12{ { {1" table"} over {"5 table"} } = { {"2 people"} over {"10 people"} } } {}

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For the following 10 problems, solve each proportion.

x 5 = 6 15 size 12{ { {x} over {5} } = { {6} over {"15"} } } {}

x = 2 size 12{x=2} {}

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x 10 = 28 40 size 12{ { {x} over {"10"} } = { {"28"} over {"40"} } } {}

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5 x = 10 16 size 12{ { {5} over {x} } = { {"10"} over {"16"} } } {}

x = 8 size 12{x=8} {}

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13 x = 39 60 size 12{ { {"13"} over {x} } = { {"39"} over {"60"} } } {}

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1 3 = x 24 size 12{ { {1} over {3} } = { {x} over {"24"} } } {}

x = 8 size 12{x=8} {}

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7 12 = x 60 size 12{ { {7} over {"12"} } = { {x} over {"60"} } } {}

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8 3 = 72 x size 12{ { {8} over {3} } = { {"72"} over {x} } } {}

x = 27 size 12{x="27"} {}

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16 1 = 48 x size 12{ { {"16"} over {1} } = { {"48"} over {x} } } {}

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x 25 = 200 125 size 12{ { {x} over {"25"} } = { {"200"} over {"125"} } } {}

x = 40 size 12{x="40"} {}

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65 30 = x 60 size 12{ { {"65"} over {"30"} } = { {x} over {"60"} } } {}

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For the following 5 problems, express each sentence as a proportion then solve the proportion.

5 hats are to 4 coats as x size 12{x} {} hats are to 24 coats.

x = 30 size 12{x="30"} {}

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x size 12{x} {} cushions are to 2 sofas as 24 cushions are to 16 sofas.

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1 spacecraft is to 7 astronauts as 5 spacecraft are to x size 12{x} {} astronauts.

x = 35 size 12{x="35"} {}

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56 microchips are to x circuit boards as 168 microchips are to 3 circuit boards.

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18 calculators are to 90 calculators as x size 12{x} {} students are to 150 students.

x = 30 size 12{x="30"} {}

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x size 12{x} {} dollars are to $40,000 as 2 sacks are to 1 sack.

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Indicate whether the proportion is true or false.

3 16 = 12 64 size 12{ { {3} over {"16"} } = { {"12"} over {"64"} } } {}

true

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2 15 = 10 75 size 12{ { {2} over {"15"} } = { {"10"} over {"75"} } } {}

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1 9 = 3 30 size 12{ { {1} over {9} } = { {3} over {"30"} } } {}

false

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6 knives 7 forks = 12 knives 15   forks size 12{ { {"6 knives"} over {"7 forks"} } = { {"12 knives"} over {"15"" forks"} } } {}

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33 miles 1 gallon = 99 miles 3 gallons size 12{ { {"33 miles"} over {"1 gallon"} } = { {"99 miles"} over {"3 gallons"} } } {}

true

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320 feet 5 seconds = 65 feet 1 second size 12{ { {"320 feet"} over {"5 seconds"} } = { {"65 feet"} over {"1 second"} } } {}

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35 students 70 students = 1 class 2 classes size 12{ { {"35 students"} over {"70 students"} } = { {"1 class"} over {"2 classes"} } } {}

true

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9 ml chloride 45 ml chloride = 1 test tube 7   test tubes size 12{ { {"9 ml chloride"} over {"45"" ml chloride"} } = { {"1 test tube"} over {7" test tubes"} } } {}

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Exercises for review

( [link] ) Use the number 5 and 7 to illustrate the commutative property of addition.

5 + 7 = 12 7 + 5 = 12 alignl { stack { size 12{5+7="12"} {} #size 12{7+5="12"} {} } } {}

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( [link] ) Use the numbers 5 and 7 to illustrate the commutative property of multiplication.

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( [link] ) Find the difference. 5 14 3 22 size 12{ { {5} over {"14"} } - { {3} over {"22"} } } {} .

17 77 size 12{ { {"17"} over {"77"} } } {}

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( [link] ) Find the product. 8 . 06129 1, 000 size 12{8 "." "06129" cdot 1,"000"} {} .

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( [link] ) Write the simplified fractional form of the rate “sixteen sentences to two paragraphs.”

8   sentences 1   paragraph size 12{ { {8" sentences"} over {1" paragraph"} } } {}

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Source:  OpenStax, Fundamentals of mathematics. OpenStax CNX. Aug 18, 2010 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10615/1.4
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