Ionic substances are actually a combination of lots of ions bonded
together into a giant molecule. The arrangement of ions in a regular,geometric structure is called a
crystal lattice . So in
fact
does not contain one
and one
ion, but rather a lot of
these two ions arranged in a crystal lattice where the ratio of
to
ions is 1:1. The structure of a crystal lattice is shown in
[link] .
The crystal lattice arrangement in an ionic compound (e.g.
)
Properties of ionic compounds
Ionic compounds have a number of properties:
Ions are arranged in a lattice structure
Ionic solids are crystalline at room temperature
The ionic bond is a strong electrical attraction. This means that ionic compounds are often hard and have high melting and boiling points
Ionic compounds are brittle, and bonds are broken along planes when the compound is stressed
Solid crystals don't conduct electricity, but ionic solutions do
Metallic bonds
The nature of the metallic bond
The structure of a metallic bond is quite different from covalent and ionic bonds. In a metal bond, the valence electrons are
delocalised , meaning that an atom's electrons do not stay around that one nucleus. In a metallic bond, the positive atomic nuclei (sometimes called the 'atomic kernels') are surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons which are attracted to the nuclei (
[link] ).
Metallic bond
Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged atomic nuclei of metal atoms and the delocalised electrons in the metal.
Positive atomic nuclei (+) surrounded by delocalised electrons (
)
The properties of metals
Metals have several unique properties as a result of this arrangement:
Thermal conductors Metals are good conductors of heat and are therefore used in cooking utensils such as pots and pans. Because the electrons are loosely bound and are able to move, they can transport heat energy from one part of the material to another.
Electrical conductors Metals are good conductors of electricity, and are therefore used in electrical conducting wires. The loosely bound electrons are able to move easily and to transfer charge from one part of the material to another.
Shiny metallic lustre Metals have a characteristic shiny appearance and are often used to make jewellery. The loosely bound electrons are able to absorb and reflect light at all frequencies, making metals look polished and shiny.
Malleable and ductile This means that they can be bent into shape without breaking (malleable) and can be stretched into thin wires (ductile) such as copper, which can then be used to conduct electricity. Because the bonds are not fixed in a particular direction, atoms can slide easily over one another, making metals easy to shape, mould or draw into threads.
Melting point Metals usually have a high melting point and can therefore be used to make cooking pots and other equipment that needs to become very hot, without being damaged. The high melting point is due to the high strength of metallic bonds.
Density Metals have a high density because their atoms are packed closely together.
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
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miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
