8.2 A single population mean using the student t distribution  (Page 4/21)

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Chapter review

In many cases, the researcher does not know the population standard deviation, σ , of the measure being studied. In these cases, it is common to use the sample standard deviation, s , as an estimate of σ . The normal distribution creates accurate confidence intervals when σ is known, but it is not as accurate when s is used as an estimate. In this case, the Student’s t-distribution is much better. Define a t-score using the following formula:

$t= \frac{\overline{x}- \mu }{\raisebox{1ex}{$s$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\sqrt{n}$}\right.}$

The t -score follows the Student’s t-distribution with n – 1 degrees of freedom. The confidence interval under this distribution is calculated with EBM = $\left(t_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}\right)\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$ where $t_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}$ is the t -score with area to the right equal to $\frac{\alpha }{2}$ , s is the sample standard deviation, and n is the sample size. Use a table, calculator, or computer to find $t_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}$ for a given α .

Formula review

s = the standard deviation of sample values.

$t= \frac{\overline{x}-\mu }{\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}}$ is the formula for the t -score which measures how far away a measure is from the population mean in the Student’s t-distribution

df = n - 1; the degrees of freedom for a Student’s t-distribution where n represents the size of the sample

T ~ t _df the random variable, T , has a Student’s t-distribution with df degrees of freedom

$EBM=t_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$ = the error bound for the population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown

$t_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}$ is the t -score in the Student’s t-distribution with area to the right equal to $\frac{\alpha }{2}$

The general form for a confidence interval for a single mean, population standard deviation unknown, Student's t is given by (lower bound, upper bound)
= (point estimate – EBM , point estimate + EBM )
= $\left(\overline{x}–\frac{ts}{\sqrt{n}},\overline{x}\text{+ }\frac{ts}{\sqrt{n}}\right)$

Use the following information to answer the next five exercises. A hospital is trying to cut down on emergency room wait times. It is interested in the amount of time patients must wait before being called back to be examined. An investigation committee randomly surveyed 70 patients. The sample mean was 1.5 hours with a sample standard deviation of 0.5 hours.

Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean time spent waiting. State the confidence interval, sketch the graph, and calculate the error bound.

CI: (1.3808, 1.6192)

EBM = 0.12

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Use the following information to answer the next six exercises: One hundred eight Americans were surveyed to determine the number of hours they spend watching television each month. It was revealed that they watched an average of 151 hours each month with a standard deviation of 32 hours. Assume that the underlying population distribution is normal.

Construct a 99% confidence interval for the population mean hours spent watching television per month. (a) State the confidence interval, (b) sketch the graph, and (c) calculate the error bound.

CI: (142.92, 159.08)

EBM = 8.08

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Use the following information to answer the next 13 exercises: The data in [link] are the result of a random survey of 39 national flags (with replacement between picks) from various countries. We are interested in finding a confidence interval for the true mean number of colors on a national flag. Let X = the number of colors on a national flag.

Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true mean number of colors on national flags.

Fill in the blanks on the graph with the areas, the upper and lower limits of the Confidence Interval and the sample mean.

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