Race and ethnicity  (Page 5/22)

De jure discrimination

There are many types of discrimination, two of them are: de jure , which is legal discrimination or discrimination by law in which minority group members lawfully are denied access to public institutions, jobs, housing, and social rewards; and de facto , which is discrimination in fact even when it is illegal to engage in acts of discrimination. Harrison and Bennett conducted an historical analysis of types of legal discrimination by racial/ethnic group. For African Americans: slavery and Jim Crow laws; Asians: prevention of immigration, denial of citizenship, concentration camps, The following is the actual text of the original order that forced 110,000-120,00 people of Japanese ancestry, more than 75% of them American citizens, to relocate into concentration camps in the United States for the duration of World War II. The Korematsu Decision by the United States Supreme Court held that the relocation was Constitutional.The Japanese American Relocation OrderWESTERN DEFENSE COMMAND AND FOURTH ARMYWARTIME CIVIL CONTROL ADMINISTRATIONPresidio of San Francisco CaliforniaMay 3 1942INSTRUCTIONS TO ALL PERSONS OF JAPANESE ANCESTRYLiving in the Following Area:All of that portion of the City of Los Angeles State of California within that boundary beginning at the point at which North Figueroa Street meets a line following the middle of the Los Angeles River; thence southerly and following the said line to East First Street; thence westerly on East First Street to Alameda Street; thence southerly on Alameda Street to East Third Street; thence northwesterly on East Third Street to Main Street; thence northerly on Main Street to First Street; thence northwesterly on First Street to Figueroa Street; thence northeasterly on Figueroa Street to the point of beginning.Pursuant to the provisions of Civilian Exclusion Order No. 33 this Headquarters dated May 3 1942 all persons of Japanese ancestry both alien and non-alien will be evacuated from the above area by 12 o'clock noon P. W. T. Saturday May 9 1942.No Japanese person living in the above area will be permitted to change residence after 12 o'clock noon P. W. T. Sunday May 3 1942 without obtaining special permission from the representative of the Commanding General Southern California Sector at the Civil Control Station located atJapanese Union Church120 North San Pedro StreetLos Angeles CaliforniaSEE CIVILIAN EXCLUSION ORDER NO. 33Such permits will only be granted for the purpose of uniting members of a family or in cases of grave emergency.The Civil Control Station is equipped to assist the Japanese population affected by this evacuation in the following ways:1. Give advice and instructions on the evacuation.2. Provide services with respect to the management leasing sale storage or other disposition of most kinds of property such as real estate business and professional equipment household goods boats automobiles and livestock.3. Provide temporary residence elsewhere for all Japanese in family groups.4. Transport persons and a limited amount of clothing and equipment to their new residence.The Following Instructions Must Be Observed1. A responsible member of each family preferably the head of the family or the person in whose name most of the property is held and each individual living alone will report to the Civil Control Station to receive further instructions. This must be done between 8:00 A. M. and 5:00 P. M. on Monday May 4 1942 or between 8:00 A. M. and 5:00 P. M. on Tuesday May 5 1942.2. Evacuees must carry with them on departure for the Assembly Center the following property:(a) Bedding and linens (no mattress) for each member of the family;(b) Toilet articles for each member of the family;(c) Extra clothing for each member of the family;(d) Sufficient knives forks spoons plates bowls and cups for each member of the family;(e) Essential personal effects for each member of the family.All items carried will be securely packaged tied and plainly marked with the name of the owner and numbered in accordance with instructions obtained at the Civil Control Station. The size and number of packages is limited to that which can be carried by the individual or family group.3. No pets of any kind will be permitted.4. No personal items and no household goods will be shipped to the Assembly Center.5. The United States Government through its agencies will provide for the storage at the sole risk of the owner of the more substantial household items such as iceboxes washing machines pianos and other heavy furniture. Cooking utensils and other small items will be accepted for storage if crated packed and plainly marked with the name and address of the owner. Only one name and address will be used by a given family.6. Each family and individual living alone will be furnished transportation to the Assembly Center or will be authorized to travel by private automobile in a supervised group. All instructions pertaining to the movement will be obtained at the Civil Control Station.Go to the Civil Control Station between the hours of 8:00 A. M. and 5:00 P. M. Monday May 4 1942 or between the hours of 8:00 A. M. and 5:00 P. M.Tuesday May 5 1942 to receive further instructions.Lieutenant General U. S. ArmyCommanding (External Link) and seizing of property; American Indians: conquest, usurpation, seizing of property, the Trail of Tears; Mexicans and Hawaiians: conquest, usurpation, and seizing of property. Harrison and Bennett, “Racial and EthniDiversity” in Farley, State of the Union: America in the 1990s Volume Two: Social Trends .Reynolds Farley, Ed. New York: Russell Sage 1995. pp. 157-164,&pp. 141-210. Farley, Reynolds. The New American Reality: Who We Are How, We Got There, Where We Are Going. New York: Russell Sage 1996.