3.6 Modeling with trigonometric equations (Page 6/14)

Page 6 / 14

Bounding curves in harmonic motion

Harmonic motion graphs may be enclosed by bounding curves. When a function has a varying amplitude , such that the amplitude rises and falls multiple times within a period, we can determine the bounding curves from part of the function.

Graphing an oscillating cosine curve

Graph the function $f (x) = \cos (2 π x) \cos (16 π x) .$

The graph produced by this function will be shown in two parts. The first graph will be the exact function $f (x)$ (see [link] ), and the second graph is the exact function $f (x)$ plus a bounding function (see [link] . The graphs look quite different.

Graph of f(x) = cos(2pi*x)cos(16pi*x), a sinusoidal function that increases and decreases its amplitude periodically.

Graph of f(x) = cos(2pi*x)cos(16pi*x), a sinusoidal function that increases and decreases its amplitude periodically. There is also a bonding function drawn over it in red, which makes the whole image look like a DNA (double helix) piece stretched along the x-axis.

Media

Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with trigonometric applications.

Visit this website for additional practice questions from Learningpod.

Key equations


Standard form of sinusoidal equation	$y = A \sin (B t - C) + D or y = A \cos (B t - C) + D$
Simple harmonic motion	$d = a \cos (ω t) or d = a \sin (ω t)$
Damped harmonic motion	$f (t) = a e^{- c}^{t} \sin (ω t) or f (t) = a e^{- c t} \cos (ω t)$

Key concepts

Sinusoidal functions are represented by the sine and cosine graphs. In standard form, we can find the amplitude, period, and horizontal and vertical shifts. See [link] and [link] .
Use key points to graph a sinusoidal function. The five key points include the minimum and maximum values and the midline values. See [link] .
Periodic functions can model events that reoccur in set cycles, like the phases of the moon, the hands on a clock, and the seasons in a year. See [link] , [link] , [link] and [link] .
Harmonic motion functions are modeled from given data. Similar to periodic motion applications, harmonic motion requires a restoring force. Examples include gravitational force and spring motion activated by weight. See [link] .
Damped harmonic motion is a form of periodic behavior affected by a damping factor. Energy dissipating factors, like friction, cause the displacement of the object to shrink. See [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] , and [link] .
Bounding curves delineate the graph of harmonic motion with variable maximum and minimum values. See [link] .

Section exercises

Verbal

Explain what types of physical phenomena are best modeled by sinusoidal functions. What are the characteristics necessary?

Physical behavior should be periodic, or cyclical.

What information is necessary to construct a trigonometric model of daily temperature? Give examples of two different sets of information that would enable modeling with an equation.

If we want to model cumulative rainfall over the course of a year, would a sinusoidal function be a good model? Why or why not?

Since cumulative rainfall is always increasing, a sinusoidal function would not be ideal here.

Explain the effect of a damping factor on the graphs of harmonic motion functions.

Algebraic

For the following exercises, find a possible formula for the trigonometric function represented by the given table of values.


$x$	$y$
$0$	$- 4$
$3$	$- 1$
$6$	$2$
$9$	$- 1$
$12$	$- 4$
$15$	$- 1$
$18$	$2$

$y = - 3 \cos (\frac{π}{6} x) - 1$


$x$	$y$
$0$	$5$
$2$	$1$
$4$	$- 3$
$6$	$1$
$8$	$5$
$10$	$1$
$12$	$- 3$


$x$	$y$
$0$	$2$
$\frac{π}{4}$	$7$
$\frac{π}{2}$	$2$
$\frac{3 π}{4}$	$- 3$
$π$	$2$
$\frac{5 π}{4}$	$7$
$\frac{3 π}{2}$	$2$

$5 \sin (2 x) + 2$


$x$	$y$
$0$	$2$
$\frac{π}{4}$	$7$
$\frac{π}{2}$	$2$
$\frac{3 π}{4}$	$- 3$
$π$	$2$
$\frac{5 π}{4}$	$7$
$\frac{3 π}{2}$	$2$


$x$	$y$
$0$	$1$
$1$	$- 3$
$2$	$- 7$
$3$	$- 3$
$4$	$1$
$5$	$- 3$
$6$	$- 7$

$4 \cos (\frac{x π}{2}) - 3$


$x$	$y$
$0$	$- 2$
$1$	$4$
$2$	$10$
$3$	$4$
$4$	$- 2$
$5$	$4$
$6$	$10$

Questions & Answers

what does the ideal gas law states

Joy Reply

Three charges q_{1}=+3\mu C, q_{2}=+6\mu C and q_{3}=+8\mu C are located at (2,0)m (0,0)m and (0,3) coordinates respectively. Find the magnitude and direction acted upon q_{2} by the two other charges.Draw the correct graphical illustration of the problem above showing the direction of all forces.

Kate Reply

To solve this problem, we need to first find the net force acting on charge q_{2}. The magnitude of the force exerted by q_{1} on q_{2} is given by F=\frac{kq_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}} where k is the Coulomb constant, q_{1} and q_{2} are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them.

Muhammed

What is the direction and net electric force on q_{1}= 5µC located at (0,4)r due to charges q_{2}=7mu located at (0,0)m and q_{3}=3\mu C located at (4,0)m?

Kate Reply

what is the change in momentum of a body?

Eunice Reply

what is a capacitor?

Raymond Reply

Capacitor is a separation of opposite charges using an insulator of very small dimension between them. Capacitor is used for allowing an AC (alternating current) to pass while a DC (direct current) is blocked.

Gautam

A motor travelling at 72km/m on sighting a stop sign applying the breaks such that under constant deaccelerate in the meters of 50 metres what is the magnitude of the accelerate

Maria Reply

please solve

Sharon

8m/s²

Aishat

What is Thermodynamics

Muordit

velocity can be 72 km/h in question. 72 km/h=20 m/s, v^2=2.a.x , 20^2=2.a.50, a=4 m/s^2.

Mehmet

A boat travels due east at a speed of 40meter per seconds across a river flowing due south at 30meter per seconds. what is the resultant speed of the boat

Saheed Reply

50 m/s due south east

Someone

which has a higher temperature, 1cup of boiling water or 1teapot of boiling water which can transfer more heat 1cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water explain your . answer

Ramon Reply

I believe temperature being an intensive property does not change for any amount of boiling water whereas heat being an extensive property changes with amount/size of the system.

Someone

Scratch that

Someone

temperature for any amount of water to boil at ntp is 100⁰C (it is a state function and and intensive property) and it depends both will give same amount of heat because the surface available for heat transfer is greater in case of the kettle as well as the heat stored in it but if you talk.....

Someone

about the amount of heat stored in the system then in that case since the mass of water in the kettle is greater so more energy is required to raise the temperature b/c more molecules of water are present in the kettle

Someone

definitely of physics

Haryormhidey Reply

how many start and codon

Esrael Reply

what is field

Felix Reply

physics, biology and chemistry this is my Field

ALIYU

field is a region of space under the influence of some physical properties

Collete

what is ogarnic chemistry

WISDOM Reply

determine the slope giving that 3y+ 2x-14=0

WISDOM

Another formula for Acceleration

Belty Reply

a=v/t. a=f/m a

IHUMA

innocent

Adah

pratica A on solution of hydro chloric acid,B is a solution containing 0.5000 mole ofsodium chlorid per dm³,put A in the burret and titrate 20.00 or 25.00cm³ portion of B using melting orange as the indicator. record the deside of your burret tabulate the burret reading and calculate the average volume of acid used?

Nassze Reply

how do lnternal energy measures

Esrael

Two bodies attract each other electrically. Do they both have to be charged? Answer the same question if the bodies repel one another.

JALLAH Reply

No. According to Isac Newtons law. this two bodies maybe you and the wall beside you. Attracting depends on the mass och each body and distance between them.

Dlovan

Are you really asking if two bodies have to be charged to be influenced by Coulombs Law?

Robert

like charges repel while unlike charges atttact

Raymond

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Source: OpenStax, Essential precalculus, part 2. OpenStax CNX. Aug 20, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11845/1.2

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