Card Set: Anatomy & Physiology: The Urinary System Key

A&P Key Terms 25 Urinary System

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1. anatomical sphincter smooth or skeletal muscle surrounding the lumen of a vessel or hollow organ that can restrict flow when contracted
2. angiotensin II protein produced by the enzymatic action of ACE on inactive angiotensin I; actively causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex
3. angiotensin I protein produced by the enzymatic action of renin on angiotensinogen; inactive precursor of angiotensin II
4. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) enzyme produced by the lungs that catalyzes the reaction of inactive angiotensin I into active angiotensin II
5. angiotensinogen inactive protein in the circulation produced by the liver; precursor of angiotensin I; must be modified by the enzymes renin and ACE to be activated
6. anuria absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day
7. aquaporin protein-forming water channels through the lipid bilayer of the cell; allows water to cross; activation in the collecting ducts is under the control of ADH
8. Bowman's capsule cup-shaped sack lined by a simple squamous epithelium (parietal surface) and specialized cells called podocytes (visceral surface) that participate in the filtration process; receives the filtrate which then passes on to the PCTs
9. brush border formed by microvilli on the surface of certain cuboidal cells; in the kidney it is found in the PCT; increases surface area for absorption in the kidney
10. calyces cup-like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts where it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter
11. cortical nephrons nephrons with loops of Henle that do not extend into the renal medulla
12. countercurrent multiplier system involves the descending and ascending loops of Henle directing forming urine in opposing directions to create a concentration gradient when combined with variable permeability and sodium pumping
13. detrusor muscle smooth muscle in the bladder wall; fibers run in all directions to reduce the size of the organ when emptying it of urine
14. distal convoluted tubules portions of the nephron distal to the loop of Henle that receive hyposmotic filtrate from the loop of Henle and empty into collecting ducts
15. diuretic compound that increases urine output, leading to decreased water conservation
16. efferent arteriole arteriole carrying blood from the glomerulus to the capillary beds around the convoluted tubules and loop of Henle; portion of the portal system
17. endothelins group of vasoconstrictive, 21-amino acid peptides; produced by endothelial cells of the renal blood vessels, mesangial cells, and cells of the DCT
18. external urinary sphincter skeletal muscle; must be relaxed consciously to void urine
19. fenestrations small windows through a cell, allowing rapid filtration based on size; formed in such a way as to allow substances to cross through a cell without mixing with cell contents
20. filtration slits formed by pedicels of podocytes; substances filter between the pedicels based on size
21. forming urine filtrate undergoing modifications through secretion and reabsorption before true urine is produced
22. glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rate of renal filtration
23. glomerulus tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule; filters the blood based on size
24. glycosuria presence of glucose in the urine; caused by high blood glucose levels that exceed the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb the glucose; usually the result of untreated or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
25. incontinence loss of ability to control micturition
26. intercalated cell specialized cell of the collecting ducts that secrete or absorb acid or bicarbonate; important in acid-base balance
27. internal urinary sphincter smooth muscle at the juncture of the bladder and urethra; relaxes as the bladder fills to allow urine into the urethra
28. inulin plant polysaccharide injected to determine GFR; is neither secreted nor absorbed by the kidney, so its appearance in the urine is directly proportional to its filtration rate
29. juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) located at the juncture of the DCT and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus; plays a role in the regulation of renal blood flow and GFR
30. juxtaglomerular cell modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole; secretes renin in response to a drop in blood pressure
Tess Armstrong
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