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| 1. | ATPase | enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP |
| 2. | acetylcholine (ACh) | neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization |
| 3. | actin | protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber |
| 4. | action potential | change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers |
| 5. | aerobic respiration | production of ATP in the presence of oxygen |
| 6. | angiogenesis | formation of blood capillary networks |
| 7. | aponeurosis | broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone |
| 8. | atrophy | loss of structural proteins from muscle fibers |
| 9. | autorhythmicity | heart's ability to control its own contractions |
| 10. | calmodulin | regulatory protein that facilitates contraction in smooth muscles |
| 11. | cardiac muscle | striated muscle found in the heart; joined to one another at intercalated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control. |
| 12. | concentric contraction | muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load |
| 13. | contractility | ability to shorten (contract) forcibly |
| 14. | contraction phase | twitch contraction phase when tension increases |
| 15. | creatine phosphate | phosphagen used to store energy from ATP and transfer it to muscle |
| 16. | dense body | sarcoplasmic structure that attaches to the sarcolemma and shortens the muscle as thin filaments slide past thick filaments |
| 17. | depolarize | to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell's plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest |
| 18. | desmosome | cell structure that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to allow contraction to occur |
| 19. | eccentric contraction | muscle contraction that lengthens the muscle as the tension is diminished |
| 20. | elasticity | ability to stretch and rebound |
| 21. | endomysium | loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle |
| 22. | epimysium | outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle |
| 23. | excitability | ability to undergo neural stimulation |
| 24. | excitation-contraction coupling | sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber's sarcomeres |
| 25. | extensibility | ability to lengthen (extend) |
| 26. | fascicle | bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle |
| 27. | fast glycolytic (FG) | muscle fiber that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis |
| 28. | fast oxidative (FO) | intermediate muscle fiber that is between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers |
| 29. | fibrosis | replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue |
| 30. | glycolysis | anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ATP |
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