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| 31. | flavin adenine dinucleotide | (FAD) coenzyme used to produce FADH2 |
| 32. | glucokinase | cellular enzyme, found in the liver, which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate upon uptake into the cell |
| 33. | gluconeogenesis | process of glucose synthesis from pyruvate or other molecules |
| 34. | glucose-6-phosphate | phosphorylated glucose produced in the first step of glycolysis |
| 35. | glycogen | form that glucose assumes when it is stored |
| 36. | glycolysis | series of metabolic reactions that breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP |
| 37. | hexokinase | cellular enzyme, found in most tissues, that converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate upon uptake into the cell |
| 38. | hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA | (HMG CoA) molecule created in the first step of the creation of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA |
| 39. | inactive proenzymes | forms in which proteases are stored and released to prevent the inappropriate digestion of the native proteins of the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine |
| 40. | insulin | hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the uptake of glucose into the cells |
| 41. | Krebs cycle | also called the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules |
| 42. | ketone bodies | alternative source of energy when glucose is limited, created when too much acetyl CoA is created during fatty acid oxidation |
| 43. | lipogenesis | synthesis of lipids that occurs in the liver or adipose tissues |
| 44. | lipolysis | breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids |
| 45. | metabolic rate | amount of energy consumed minus the amount of energy expended by the body |
| 46. | metabolism | sum of all catabolic and anabolic reactions that take place in the body |
| 47. | minerals | inorganic compounds required by the body to ensure proper function of the body |
| 48. | monoglyceride molecules | lipid consisting of a single fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol backbone |
| 49. | monosaccharide | smallest, monomeric sugar molecule |
| 50. | NADH | high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis |
| 51. | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | (NAD) coenzyme used to produce NADH |
| 52. | oxidation-reduction reaction | (also, redox reaction) pair of reactions in which an electron is passed from one molecule to another, oxidizing one and reducing the other |
| 53. | oxidation | loss of an electron |
| 54. | oxidative phosphorylation | process that converts high-energy NADH and FADH2 into ATP |
| 55. | pancreatic lipases | enzymes released from the pancreas that digest lipids in the diet |
| 56. | pepsin | enzyme that begins to break down proteins in the stomach |
| 57. | polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides |
| 58. | postabsorptive state | also called the fasting state; the metabolic state occurring after digestion when food is no longer the body's source of energy and it must rely on stored glycogen |
| 59. | proteolysis | process of breaking proteins into smaller peptides |
| 60. | pyruvate | three-carbon end product of glycolysis and starting material that is converted into acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle |
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