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| 1. | ATP synthase | protein pore complex that creates ATP |
| 2. | absorptive state | also called the fed state; the metabolic state occurring during the first few hours after ingesting food in which the body is digesting food and absorbing the nutrients |
| 3. | acetyl coenzyme A | (acetyl CoA) starting molecule of the Krebs cycle |
| 4. | anabolic hormones | hormones that stimulate the synthesis of new, larger molecules |
| 5. | anabolic reactions | reactions that build smaller molecules into larger molecules |
| 6. | basal metabolic rate | (BMR) amount of energy expended by the body at rest |
| 7. | beta (ß)-hydroxybutyrate | primary ketone body produced in the body |
| 8. | beta (ß)-oxidation | fatty acid oxidation |
| 9. | bile salts | salts that are released from the liver in response to lipid ingestion and surround the insoluble triglycerides to aid in their conversion to monoglycerides and free fatty acids |
| 10. | biosynthesis reactions | reactions that create new molecules, also called anabolic reactions |
| 11. | body mass index | (BMI) relative amount of body weight compared to the overall height; a BMI ranging from 18-24.9 is considered normal weight, 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and greater than 30 is considered obese |
| 12. | calorie | amount of heat required raise 1 g of water by 1 C |
| 13. | catabolic hormones | hormones that stimulate the breakdown of larger molecules |
| 14. | catabolic reactions | reactions that break down larger molecules into their constituent parts |
| 15. | cellular respiration | production of ATP from glucose oxidation via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation |
| 16. | cholecystokinin | (CCK) hormone that stimulates the release of pancreatic lipase and the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile salts |
| 17. | chylomicrons | vesicles containing cholesterol and triglycerides that transport lipids out of the intestinal cells and into the lymphatic and circulatory systems |
| 18. | chymotrypsin | pancreatic enzyme that digests protein |
| 19. | chymotrypsinogen | proenzyme that is activated by trypsin into chymotrypsin |
| 20. | citric acid cycle | also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle; converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules |
| 21. | conduction | transfer of heat through physical contact |
| 22. | convection | transfer of heat between the skin and air or water |
| 23. | elastase | pancreatic enzyme that digests protein |
| 24. | electron transport chain | (ETC) ATP production pathway in which electrons are passed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that forms water and produces a proton gradient |
| 25. | energy-consuming phase | first phase of glycolysis, in which two molecules of ATP are necessary to start the reaction |
| 26. | energy-yielding phase | second phase of glycolysis, during which energy is produced |
| 27. | enterokinase | enzyme located in the wall of the small intestine that activates trypsin |
| 28. | evaporation | transfer of heat that occurs when water changes from a liquid to a gas |
| 29. | FADH2 | high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis |
| 30. | fatty acid oxidation | breakdown of fatty acids into smaller chain fatty acids and acetyl CoA |
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