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| 31. | early induced immune response | includes antimicrobial proteins stimulated during the first several days of an infection |
| 32. | effector T cells | immune cells with a direct, adverse effect on a pathogen |
| 33. | efferent lymphatic vessels | lead out of a lymph node |
| 34. | erythroblastosis fetalis | disease of Rh factor-positive newborns in Rh-negative mothers with multiple Rh-positive children; resulting from the action of maternal antibodies against fetal blood |
| 35. | Fc region | in an antibody molecule, the site where the two termini of the heavy chains come together; many cells have receptors for this portion of the antibody, adding functionality to these molecules |
| 36. | fas ligand | molecule expressed on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that binds to the fas molecule on a target cell and induces it do undergo apoptosis |
| 37. | germinal centers | clusters of rapidly proliferating B cells found in secondary lymphoid tissues |
| 38. | graft-versus-host disease | in bone marrow transplants; occurs when the transplanted cells mount an immune response against the recipient |
| 39. | granzyme | apoptosis-inducing substance contained in granules of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells |
| 40. | heavy chain | larger protein chain of an antibody |
| 41. | helper T cells | (Th) T cells that secrete cytokines to enhance other immune responses, involved in activation of both B and T cell lymphocytes |
| 42. | high endothelial venules | vessels containing unique endothelial cells specialized to allow migration of lymphocytes from the blood to the lymph node |
| 43. | histamine | vasoactive mediator in granules of mast cells and is the primary cause of allergies and anaphylactic shock |
| 44. | IgA | antibody whose dimer is secreted by exocrine glands, is especially effective against digestive and respiratory pathogens, and can pass immunity to an infant through breastfeeding |
| 45. | IgD | class of antibody whose only known function is as a receptor on naive B cells; important in B cell activation |
| 46. | IgE | antibody that binds to mast cells and causes antigen-specific degranulation during an allergic response |
| 47. | IgG | main blood antibody of late primary and early secondary responses; passed from mother to unborn child via placenta |
| 48. | IgM | antibody whose monomer is a surface receptor of naive B cells; the pentamer is the first antibody made blood plasma during primary responses |
| 49. | immediate hypersensitivity | (type I) IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation caused by crosslinking of surface IgE by antigen |
| 50. | immune system | series of barriers, cells, and soluble mediators that combine to response to infections of the body with pathogenic organisms |
| 51. | immunoglobulin | protein antibody; occurs as one of five main classes |
| 52. | immunological memory | ability of the adaptive immune response to mount a stronger and faster immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen |
| 53. | inflammation | basic innate immune response characterized by heat, redness, pain, and swelling |
| 54. | innate immune response | rapid but relatively nonspecific immune response |
| 55. | interferons | early induced proteins made in virally infected cells that cause nearby cells to make antiviral proteins |
| 56. | light chain | small protein chain of an antibody |
| 57. | lymph node | one of the bean-shaped organs found associated with the lymphatic vessels |
| 58. | lymphatic capillaries | smallest of the lymphatic vessels and the origin of lymph flow |
| 59. | lymphatic system | network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and ducts that carries lymph from the tissues and back to the bloodstream. |
| 60. | lymphatic trunks | large lymphatics that collect lymph from smaller lymphatic vessels and empties into the blood via lymphatic ducts |
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