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| 31. | gait exam | major section of the neurological exam that assesses the cerebellum and descending pathways in the spinal cord through the coordinated motor functions of walking; a portion of the coordination exam |
| 32. | gait | rhythmic pattern of alternating movements of the lower limbs during locomotion |
| 33. | gnosis | in a neurological exam, intuitive experiential knowledge tested by interacting with common objects or symbols |
| 34. | graphesthesia | perception of symbols, such as letters or numbers, traced in the palm of the hand |
| 35. | hemisection | cut through half of a structure, such as the spinal cord |
| 36. | hemorrhagic stroke | disruption of blood flow to the brain caused by bleeding within the cranial vault |
| 37. | hyperflexia | overly flexed joints |
| 38. | hypotonicity | low muscle tone, a sign of LMN disease |
| 39. | hypovolemia | decrease in blood volume |
| 40. | inferior cerebellar peduncle | (ICP) input to the cerebellum, largely from the inferior olive, that represents sensory feedback from the periphery |
| 41. | inferior olive | large nucleus in the medulla that receives input from sensory systems and projects into the cerebellar cortex |
| 42. | internuclear ophthalmoplegia | deficit of conjugate lateral gaze because the lateral rectus muscle of one eye does not contract resulting from damage to the abducens nerve or the MLF |
| 43. | intorsion | medial rotation of the eye around its axis |
| 44. | intrinsic muscles of the tongue | muscles that originate out of, and insert into, other tissues within the tongue and control the shape of the tongue |
| 45. | ischemic stroke | disruption of blood flow to the brain because blood cannot flow through blood vessels as a result of a blockage or narrowing of the vessel |
| 46. | jaw-jerk reflex | stretch reflex of the masseter muscle |
| 47. | localization of function | principle that circumscribed anatomical locations are responsible for specific functions in an organ system |
| 48. | medial longitudinal fasciculus | (MLF) fiber pathway that connects structures involved in the control of eye and head position, from the superior colliculus to the vestibular nuclei and cerebellum |
| 49. | mental status exam | major section of the neurological exam that assesses cognitive functions of the cerebrum |
| 50. | middle cerebellar peduncle | (MCP) large, white-matter bridge from the pons that constitutes the major input to the cerebellar cortex |
| 51. | motor exam | major section of the neurological exam that assesses motor functions of the spinal cord and spinal nerves |
| 52. | neurological exam | clinical assessment tool that can be used to quickly evaluate neurological function and determine if specific parts of the nervous system have been affected by damage or disease |
| 53. | paramedian pontine reticular formation | (PPRF) region of the brain stem adjacent to the motor nuclei for gaze control that coordinates rapid, conjugate eye movements |
| 54. | paresis | partial loss of, or impaired, voluntary muscle control |
| 55. | plantar reflex | superficial reflex initiated by gentle stimulation of the sole of the foot |
| 56. | praxis | in a neurological exam, the act of doing something using ready knowledge or skills in response to verbal instruction |
| 57. | procedural memory | memory of how to perform a specific task |
| 58. | pronator drift | sign of contralateral corticospinal lesion when the one arm will drift into a pronated position when held straight out with the palms facing upward |
| 59. | Rinne test | use of a tuning fork to test conductive hearing loss versus sensorineural hearing loss |
| 60. | Romberg test | test of equilibrium that requires the patient to maintain a straight, upright posture without visual feedback of position |
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