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| 1. | accommodation | in vision, a change in the ability of the eye to focus on objects at different distances |
| 2. | accommodation-convergence reflex | coordination of somatic control of the medial rectus muscles of either eye with the parasympathetic control of the ciliary bodies to maintain focus while the eyes converge on visual stimuli near to the face |
| 3. | anterograde amnesia | inability to form new memories from a particular time forward |
| 4. | aphasia | loss of language function |
| 5. | ataxia | movement disorder related to damage of the cerebellum characterized by loss of coordination in voluntary movements |
| 6. | Babinski sign | dorsiflexion of the foot with extension and splaying of the toes in response to the plantar reflex, normally suppressed by corticospinal input |
| 7. | cerebrocerebellum | lateral regions of the cerebellum; named for the significant input from the cerebral cortex |
| 8. | check reflex | response to a release in resistance so that the contractions stop, or check, movement |
| 9. | clasp-knife response | sign of UMN disease when a patient initially resists passive movement of a muscle but will quickly release to a lower state of resistance |
| 10. | conduction aphasia | loss of language function related to connecting the understanding of speech with the production of speech, without either specific function being lost |
| 11. | conductive hearing | hearing dependent on the conduction of vibrations of the tympanic membrane through the ossicles of the middle ear |
| 12. | conjugate gaze | coordinated movement of the two eyes simultaneously in the same direction |
| 13. | convergence | in vision, the movement of the eyes so that they are both pointed at the same point in space, which increases for stimuli that are closer to the subject |
| 14. | coordination exam | major section of the neurological exam that assesses complex, coordinated motor functions of the cerebellum and associated motor pathways |
| 15. | cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway | projection from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum by way of the gray matter of the pons |
| 16. | cranial nerve exam | major section of the neurological exam that assesses sensory and motor functions of the cranial nerves and their associated central and peripheral structures |
| 17. | cytoarchitecture | study of a tissue based on the structure and organization of its cellular components; related to the broader term, histology |
| 18. | deep tendon reflex | another term for stretch reflex, based on the elicitation through deep stimulation of the tendon at the insertion |
| 19. | diplopia | double vision resulting from a failure in conjugate gaze |
| 20. | edema | fluid accumulation in tissue; often associated with circulatory deficits |
| 21. | embolus | obstruction in a blood vessel such as a blood clot, fatty mass, air bubble, or other foreign matter that interrupts the flow of blood to an organ or some part of the body |
| 22. | episodic memory | memory of specific events in an autobiographical sense |
| 23. | expressive aphasia | loss of the ability to produce language; usually associated with damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe |
| 24. | extrinsic muscles of the tongue | muscles that are connected to other structures, such as the hyoid bone or the mandible, and control the position of the tongue |
| 25. | fasciculation | small muscle twitch as a result of spontaneous activity from an LMN |
| 26. | fauces | opening from the oral cavity into the pharynx |
| 27. | fibrillation | in motor responses, a spontaneous muscle action potential that occurs in the absence of neuromuscular input, resulting from LMN lesions |
| 28. | flaccid paralysis | loss of voluntary muscle control and muscle tone, as the result of LMN disease |
| 29. | flaccidity | presentation of a loss of muscle tone, observed as floppy limbs or a lack of resistance to passive movement |
| 30. | flocculonodular lobe | lobe of the cerebellum that receives input from the vestibular system to help with balance and posture |
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