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| 31. | G protein | guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolase that physically moves from the receptor protein to the effector protein to activate the latter |
| 32. | ganglion | localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
| 33. | gated | property of a channel that determines how it opens under specific conditions, such as voltage change or physical deformation |
| 34. | generator potential | graded potential from dendrites of a unipolar cell which generates the action potential in the initial segment of that cell's axon |
| 35. | glial cell | one of the various types of neural tissue cells responsible for maintenance of the tissue, and largely responsible for supporting neurons |
| 36. | graded potential | change in the membrane potential that varies in size, depending on the size of the stimulus that elicits it |
| 37. | gray matter | regions of the nervous system containing cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons; actually may be more pink or tan in color, but called gray in contrast to white matter |
| 38. | inactivation gate | part of a voltage-gated Na+ channel that closes when the membrane potential reaches +30 mV |
| 39. | inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) | graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of hyperpolarization and makes an action potential less likely to occur |
| 40. | initial segment | first part of the axon as it emerges from the axon hillock, where the electrical signals known as action potentials are generated |
| 41. | integration | nervous system function that combines sensory perceptions and higher cognitive functions (memories, learning, emotion, etc.) to produce a response |
| 42. | ionotropic receptor | neurotransmitter receptor that acts as an ion channel gate, and opens by the binding of the neurotransmitter |
| 43. | leakage channel | ion channel that opens randomly and is not gated to a specific event, also known as a non-gated channel |
| 44. | ligand-gated channels | another name for an ionotropic receptor for which a neurotransmitter is the ligand |
| 45. | lower motor neuron | second neuron in the motor command pathway that is directly connected to the skeletal muscle |
| 46. | mechanically gated channel | ion channel that opens when a physical event directly affects the structure of the protein |
| 47. | membrane potential | distribution of charge across the cell membrane, based on the charges of ions |
| 48. | metabotropic receptor | neurotransmitter receptor that involves a complex of proteins that cause metabolic changes in a cell |
| 49. | microglia | glial cell type in the CNS that serves as the resident component of the immune system |
| 50. | multipolar | shape of a neuron that has multiple processesthe axon and two or more dendrites |
| 51. | muscarinic receptor | type of acetylcholine receptor protein that is characterized by also binding to muscarine and is a metabotropic receptor |
| 52. | myelin sheath | lipid-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS; facilitates the transmission of electrical signals |
| 53. | myelin | lipid-rich insulating substance surrounding the axons of many neurons, allowing for faster transmission of electrical signals |
| 54. | nerve | cord-like bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input and response output to and from the central nervous system |
| 55. | neuron | neural tissue cell that is primarily responsible for generating and propagating electrical signals into, within, and out of the nervous system |
| 56. | neuropeptide | neurotransmitter type that includes protein molecules and shorter chains of amino acids |
| 57. | neurotransmitter | chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in the target cell |
| 58. | nicotinic receptor | type of acetylcholine receptor protein that is characterized by also binding to nicotine and is an ionotropic receptor |
| 59. | node of Ranvier | gap between two myelinated regions of an axon, allowing for strengthening of the electrical signal as it propagates down the axon |
| 60. | nonspecific channel | channel that is not specific to one ion over another, such as a nonspecific cation channel that allows any positively charged ion across the membrane |
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