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| 61. | oxytocin | hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland and important in stimulating uterine contractions in labor, milk ejection during breastfeeding, and feelings of attachment (also produced in males) |
| 62. | PP cell | minor cell type in the pancreas that secretes the hormone pancreatic polypeptide |
| 63. | pancreas | organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions located posterior to the stomach that is important for digestion and the regulation of blood glucose |
| 64. | pancreatic islets | specialized clusters of pancreatic cells that have endocrine functions; also called islets of Langerhans |
| 65. | paracrine | chemical signal that elicits a response in neighboring cells; also called paracrine factor |
| 66. | parathyroid glands | small, round glands embedded in the posterior thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| 67. | parathyroid hormone | (PTH) peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels |
| 68. | phosphodiesterase | (PDE) cytosolic enzyme that deactivates and degrades cAMP |
| 69. | phosphorylation cascade | signaling event in which multiple protein kinases phosphorylate the next protein substrate by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to the protein |
| 70. | pineal gland | endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, which is important in regulating the sleep-wake cycle |
| 71. | pinealocyte | cell of the pineal gland that produces and secretes the hormone melatonin |
| 72. | pituitary dwarfism | disorder in children caused when abnormally low levels of GH result in growth retardation |
| 73. | pituitary gland | bean-sized organ suspended from the hypothalamus that produces, stores, and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic stimulation (also called hypophysis) |
| 74. | progesterone | predominantly female sex hormone important in regulating the female reproductive cycle and the maintenance of pregnancy |
| 75. | prolactin | (PRL) anterior pituitary hormone that promotes development of the mammary glands and the production of breast milk |
| 76. | protein kinase | enzyme that initiates a phosphorylation cascade upon activation |
| 77. | second messenger | molecule that initiates a signaling cascade in response to hormone binding on a cell membrane receptor and activation of a G protein |
| 78. | stage of exhaustion | stage three of the general adaptation syndrome; the body's long-term response to stress mediated by the hormones of the adrenal cortex |
| 79. | stage of resistance | stage two of the general adaptation syndrome; the body's continued response to stress after stage one diminishes |
| 80. | testosterone | steroid hormone secreted by the male testes and important in the maturation of sperm cells, growth and development of the male reproductive system, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics |
| 81. | thymosins | hormones produced and secreted by the thymus that play an important role in the development and differentiation of T cells |
| 82. | thymus | organ that is involved in the development and maturation of T-cells and is particularly active during infancy and childhood |
| 83. | thyroid gland | large endocrine gland responsible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones |
| 84. | thyroid-stimulating hormone | (TSH) anterior pituitary hormone that triggers secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (also called thyrotropin) |
| 85. | thyroxine | (also, tetraiodothyronine, T4) amino acid-derived thyroid hormone that is more abundant but less potent than T3 and often converted to T3 by target cells |
| 86. | triiodothyronine | (also, T3) amino acid-derived thyroid hormone that is less abundant but more potent than T4 |
| 87. | upregulation | increase in the number of hormone receptors, typically in response to chronically reduced levels of a hormone |
| 88. | zona fasciculata | intermediate region of the adrenal cortex that produce hormones called glucocorticoids |
| 89. | zona glomerulosa | most superficial region of the adrenal cortex, which produces the hormones collectively referred to as mineralocorticoids |
| 90. | zona reticularis | deepest region of the adrenal cortex, which produces the steroid sex hormones called androgens |
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