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| 31. | follicle-stimulating hormone | (FSH) anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells |
| 32. | G protein | protein associated with a cell membrane hormone receptor that initiates the next step in a second messenger system upon activation by hormone-receptor binding |
| 33. | general adaptation syndrome | (GAS) the human body's three-stage response pattern to short- and long-term stress |
| 34. | gigantism | disorder in children caused when abnormally high levels of GH prompt excessive growth |
| 35. | glucagon | pancreatic hormone that stimulates the catabolism of glycogen to glucose, thereby increasing blood glucose levels |
| 36. | glucocorticoids | hormones produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex that influence glucose metabolism |
| 37. | goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland either as a result of iodine deficiency or hyperthyroidism |
| 38. | gonadotropins | hormones that regulate the function of the gonads |
| 39. | growth hormone | (GH) anterior pituitary hormone that promotes tissue building and influences nutrient metabolism (also called somatotropin) |
| 40. | hormone receptor | protein within a cell or on the cell membrane that binds a hormone, initiating the target cell response |
| 41. | hormone | secretion of an endocrine organ that travels via the bloodstream or lymphatics to induce a response in target cells or tissues in another part of the body |
| 42. | hyperglycemia | abnormally high blood glucose levels |
| 43. | hyperparathyroidism | disorder caused by overproduction of PTH that results in abnormally elevated blood calcium |
| 44. | hyperthyroidism | clinically abnormal, elevated level of thyroid hormone in the blood; characterized by an increased metabolic rate, excess body heat, sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, and increased heart rate |
| 45. | hypoparathyroidism | disorder caused by underproduction of PTH that results in abnormally low blood calcium |
| 46. | hypophyseal portal system | network of blood vessels that enables hypothalamic hormones to travel into the anterior lobe of the pituitary without entering the systemic circulation |
| 47. | hypothalamus | region of the diencephalon inferior to the thalamus that functions in neural and endocrine signaling |
| 48. | hypothyroidism | clinically abnormal, low level of thyroid hormone in the blood; characterized by low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold extremities, constipation, and reduced mental activity |
| 49. | infundibulum | stalk containing vasculature and neural tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus (also called the pituitary stalk) |
| 50. | inhibin | hormone secreted by the male and female gonads that inhibits FSH production by the anterior pituitary |
| 51. | inositol triphosphate | (IP3) molecule that initiates the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores |
| 52. | insulin-like growth factors | (IGF) protein that enhances cellular proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and stimulates the cellular uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis |
| 53. | insulin | pancreatic hormone that enhances the cellular uptake and utilization of glucose, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels |
| 54. | leptin | protein hormone secreted by adipose tissues in response to food consumption that promotes satiety |
| 55. | luteinizing hormone | (LH) anterior pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and the production of ovarian hormones in females, and the production of testosterone in males |
| 56. | melatonin | amino acid-derived hormone that is secreted in response to low light and causes drowsiness |
| 57. | mineralocorticoids | hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex that influence fluid and electrolyte balance |
| 58. | neonatal hypothyroidism | condition characterized by cognitive deficits, short stature, and other signs and symptoms in people born to women who were iodine-deficient during pregnancy |
| 59. | norepinephrine | secondary catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress; also called noradrenaline |
| 60. | osmoreceptor | hypothalamic sensory receptor that is stimulated by changes in solute concentration (osmotic pressure) in the blood |
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