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| 1. | acid | compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| 2. | activation energy | amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed |
| 3. | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer |
| 4. | amino acid | building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain |
| 5. | anion | atom with a negative charge |
| 6. | atom | smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element |
| 7. | atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| 8. | base | compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| 9. | bond | electrical force linking atoms |
| 10. | buffer | solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids |
| 11. | carbohydrate | class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio |
| 12. | catalyst | substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process |
| 13. | cation | atom with a positive charge |
| 14. | chemical energy | form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken |
| 15. | colloid | liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light |
| 16. | compound | substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| 17. | concentration | number of particles within a given space |
| 18. | covalent bond | chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells |
| 19. | decomposition reaction | type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms |
| 20. | denaturation | change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means |
| 21. | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information |
| 22. | disaccharide | pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond |
| 23. | disulfide bond | covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine |
| 24. | electron shell | area of space a given distance from an atom's nucleus in which electrons are grouped |
| 25. | electron | subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom's nucleus |
| 26. | element | substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means |
| 27. | enzyme | protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions |
| 28. | exchange reaction | type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components |
| 29. | functional group | group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms |
| 30. | hydrogen bond | dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom |
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