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| 1. | afterload | force the ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in the vessels |
| 2. | anastomosis | (plural: anastomoses) area where vessels unite to allow blood to circulate even if there may be partial blockage in another branch |
| 3. | anterior cardiac veins | vessels that parallel the small cardiac arteries and drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle; bypass the coronary sinus and drain directly into the right atrium |
| 4. | anterior interventricular artery | (also, left anterior descending artery or LAD) major branch of the left coronary artery that follows the anterior interventricular sulcus |
| 5. | anterior interventricular sulcus | sulcus located between the left and right ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart |
| 6. | aortic valve | (also, aortic semilunar valve) valve located at the base of the aorta |
| 7. | artificial pacemaker | medical device that transmits electrical signals to the heart to ensure that it contracts and pumps blood to the body |
| 8. | atrial reflex | (also, called Bainbridge reflex) autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases |
| 9. | atrioventricular (AV) node | clump of myocardial cells located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum; receives the impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized conducting cells within the interventricular septum |
| 10. | atrioventricular bundle branches | (also, left or right bundle branches) specialized myocardial conductile cells that arise from the bifurcation of the atrioventricular bundle and pass through the interventricular septum; lead to the Purkinje fibers and also to the right papillary muscle via the moderator band |
| 11. | atrioventricular bundle | (also, bundle of His) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches |
| 12. | atrioventricular septum | cardiac septum located between the atria and ventricles; atrioventricular valves are located here |
| 13. | atrioventricular valves | one-way valves located between the atria and ventricles; the valve on the right is called the tricuspid valve, and the one on the left is the mitral or bicuspid valve |
| 14. | atrium | (plural: atria) upper or receiving chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the lower chambers just prior to their contraction; the right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit that flows into the right ventricle; the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit that flows into the left ventricle |
| 15. | auricle | extension of an atrium visible on the superior surface of the heart |
| 16. | autonomic tone | contractile state during resting cardiac activity produced by mild sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation |
| 17. | autorhythmicity | ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control |
| 18. | Bachmann's bundle | (also, interatrial band) group of specialized conducting cells that transmit the impulse directly from the SA node in the right atrium to the left atrium |
| 19. | Bainbridge reflex | (also, called atrial reflex) autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases |
| 20. | baroreceptor reflex | autonomic reflex in which the cardiac centers monitor signals from the baroreceptor stretch receptors and regulate heart function based on blood flow |
| 21. | bicuspid valve | (also, mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve) valve located between the left atrium and ventricle; consists of two flaps of tissue |
| 22. | bulbus cordis | portion of the primitive heart tube that will eventually develop into the right ventricle |
| 23. | bundle of His | (also, atrioventricular bundle) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches |
| 24. | cardiac cycle | period of time between the onset of atrial contraction (atrial systole) and ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole) |
| 25. | cardiac notch | depression in the medial surface of the inferior lobe of the left lung where the apex of the heart is located |
| 26. | cardiac output | (CO) amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute; equals HR multiplied by SV |
| 27. | cardiac plexus | paired complex network of nerve fibers near the base of the heart that receive sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations to regulate HR |
| 28. | cardiac reflexes | series of autonomic reflexes that enable the cardiovascular centers to regulate heart function based upon sensory information from a variety of visceral sensors |
| 29. | cardiac reserve | difference between maximum and resting CO |
| 30. | cardiac skeleton | (also, skeleton of the heart) reinforced connective tissue located within the atrioventricular septum; includes four rings that surround the openings between the atria and ventricles, and the openings to the pulmonary trunk and aorta; the point of attachment for the heart valves |
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