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| 1. | ABO blood group | blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface |
| 2. | agglutination | clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies |
| 3. | agranular leukocytes | leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells |
| 4. | albumin | most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma |
| 5. | anemia | deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin |
| 6. | antibodies | (also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses |
| 7. | anticoagulant | substance such as heparin that opposes coagulation |
| 8. | antithrombin | anticoagulant that inactivates factor X and opposes the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin in the common pathway |
| 9. | B lymphocytes | (also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity |
| 10. | basophils | granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin |
| 11. | bilirubin | yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products |
| 12. | biliverdin | green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver |
| 13. | blood | liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements-erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets-and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system |
| 14. | bone marrow biopsy | diagnostic test of a sample of red bone marrow |
| 15. | bone marrow transplant | treatment in which a donor's healthy bone marrow with its stem cells replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow of a patient |
| 16. | buffy coat | thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood |
| 17. | carbaminohemoglobin | compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood |
| 18. | clotting factors | group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation |
| 19. | coagulation | formation of a blood clot; part of the process of hemostasis |
| 20. | colony-stimulating factors | (CSFs) glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils) |
| 21. | common pathway | final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot |
| 22. | cross matching | blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small samples of blood |
| 23. | cytokines | class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease |
| 24. | defensins | antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells |
| 25. | deoxyhemoglobin | molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it |
| 26. | diapedesis | (also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues |
| 27. | embolus | thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation |
| 28. | emigration | (also, diapedesis) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues |
| 29. | eosinophils | granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms |
| 30. | erythrocyte | (also, red blood cell) mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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