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| 61. | lightening | descent of the fetus lower into the pelvis in late pregnancy; also called 'dropping' |
| 62. | lochia | postpartum vaginal discharge that begins as blood and ends as a whitish discharge; the end of lochia signals that the site of placental attachment has healed |
| 63. | meconium | fetal wastes consisting of ingested amniotic fluid, cellular debris, mucus, and bile |
| 64. | mesoderm | primary germ layer that becomes the skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys |
| 65. | morula | tightly packed sphere of blastomeres that has reached the uterus but has not yet implanted itself |
| 66. | mutation | change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| 67. | neural fold | elevated edge of the neural groove |
| 68. | neural plate | thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of an embryo and gives rise to nervous system tissue |
| 69. | neural tube | precursor to structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of neuroepithelium |
| 70. | neurulation | embryonic process that establishes the central nervous system |
| 71. | nonshivering thermogenesis | process of breaking down brown adipose tissue to produce heat in the absence of a shivering response |
| 72. | notochord | rod-shaped, mesoderm-derived structure that provides support for growing fetus |
| 73. | organogenesis | development of the rudimentary structures of all of an embryo's organs from the germ layers |
| 74. | Punnett square | grid used to display all possible combinations of alleles transmitted by parents to offspring and predict the mathematical probability of offspring inheriting a given genotype |
| 75. | parturition | childbirth |
| 76. | phenotype | physical or biochemical manifestation of the genotype; expression of the alleles |
| 77. | placenta previa | low placement of fetus within uterus causes placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows |
| 78. | placenta | organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the developing fetus; also regulates waste and gas exchange between mother and fetus |
| 79. | placentation | formation of the placenta; complete by weeks 14-16 of pregnancy |
| 80. | polyspermy | penetration of an oocyte by more than one sperm |
| 81. | primitive streak | indentation along the dorsal surface of the epiblast through which cells migrate to form the endoderm and mesoderm during gastrulation |
| 82. | prolactin | pituitary hormone that establishes and maintains the supply of breast milk; also important for the mobilization of maternal micronutrients for breast milk |
| 83. | quickening | fetal movements that are strong enough to be felt by the mother |
| 84. | recessive lethal | inheritance pattern in which individuals with two copies of a lethal allele do not survive in utero or have a shortened life span |
| 85. | recessive | describes a trait that is only expressed in homozygous form and is masked in heterozygous form sex chromosomes pair of chromosomes involved in sex determination; in males, the XY chromosomes; in females, the XX chromosomes |
| 86. | shunt | circulatory shortcut that diverts the flow of blood from one region to another |
| 87. | somite | one of the paired, repeating blocks of tissue located on either side of the notochord in the early embryo |
| 88. | syncytiotrophoblast | superficial cells of the trophoblast that fuse to form a multinucleated body that digests endometrial cells to firmly secure the blastocyst to the uterine wall |
| 89. | trait | variation of an expressed characteristic |
| 90. | trimester | division of the duration of a pregnancy into three 3-month terms |
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