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Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with factoring trinomials of the form a x 2 + b x + c .

Key concepts

  • Factor Trinomials of the Form a x 2 + b x + c using Trial and Error: See [link] .
    1. Write the trinomial in descending order of degrees.
    2. Find all the factor pairs of the first term.
    3. Find all the factor pairs of the third term.
    4. Test all the possible combinations of the factors until the correct product is found.
    5. Check by multiplying.
  • Factor Trinomials of the Form a x 2 + b x + c Using the “ac” Method: See [link] .
    1. Factor any GCF.
    2. Find the product ac.
    3. Find two numbers m and n that:
      Multiply to a c m · n = a · c Add to b m + n = b
    4. Split the middle term using m and n :
      This figure shows two equations. The top equation reads a times x squared plus b times x plus c. Under this, is the equation a times x squared plus m times x plus n times x plus c. Above the m times x plus n times x is a bracket with b times x above it.
    5. Factor by grouping.
    6. Check by multiplying the factors.
  • Choose a strategy to factor polynomials completely (updated):
    1. Is there a greatest common factor? Factor it.
    2. Is the polynomial a binomial, trinomial, or are there more than three terms?
      If it is a binomial, right now we have no method to factor it.
      If it is a trinomial of the form x 2 + b x + c
         Undo FOIL ( x ) ( x ) .
      If it is a trinomial of the form a x 2 + b x + c
         Use Trial and Error or the “ac” method.
      If it has more than three terms
         Use the grouping method.
    3. Check by multiplying the factors.

Practice makes perfect

Recognize a Preliminary Strategy to Factor Polynomials Completely

In the following exercises, identify the best method to use to factor each polynomial.

  1. 10 q 2 + 50
  2. a 2 5 a 14
  3. u v + 2 u + 3 v + 6

factor the GCF, binomial Undo FOIL factor by grouping

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  1. n 2 + 10 n + 24
  2. 8 u 2 + 16
  3. p q + 5 p + 2 q + 10
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  1. x 2 + 4 x 21
  2. a b + 10 b + 4 a + 40
  3. 6 c 2 + 24

undo FOIL factor by grouping factor the GCF, binomial

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  1. 20 x 2 + 100
  2. u v + 6 u + 4 v + 24
  3. y 2 8 y + 15
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Factor Trinomials of the form a x 2 + b x + c with a GCF

In the following exercises, factor completely.

5 x 2 + 35 x + 30

5 ( x + 1 ) ( x + 6 )

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2 z 2 2 z 24

2 ( z 4 ) ( z + 3 )

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7 v 2 63 v + 56

7 ( v 1 ) ( v 8 )

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p 3 8 p 2 20 p

p ( p 10 ) ( p + 2 )

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3 m 3 21 m 2 + 30 m

3 m ( m 5 ) ( m 2 )

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11 n 3 55 n 2 + 44 n

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5 x 4 + 10 x 3 75 x 2

5 x 2 ( x 3 ) ( x + 5 )

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6 y 4 + 12 y 3 48 y 2

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Factor Trinomials Using Trial and Error

In the following exercises, factor.

2 t 2 + 7 t + 5

( 2 t + 5 ) ( t + 1 )

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11 x 2 + 34 x + 3

( 11 x + 1 ) ( x + 3 )

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4 w 2 5 w + 1

( 4 w 1 ) ( w 1 )

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6 p 2 19 p + 10

( 3 p 2 ) ( 2 p 5 )

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4 q 2 7 q 2

( 4 q + 1 ) ( q 2 )

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4 p 2 + 17 p 15

( 4 p 3 ) ( p + 5 )

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16 x 2 32 x + 16

16 ( x 1 ) ( x 1 )

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30 q 3 + 140 q 2 + 80 q

10 q ( 3 q + 2 ) ( q + 4 )

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Factor Trinomials using the ‘ac’ Method

In the following exercises, factor.

5 n 2 + 21 n + 4

( 5 n + 1 ) ( n + 4 )

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9 z 2 + 15 z + 4

( 3 z + 1 ) ( 3 z + 4 )

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4 k 2 16 k + 15

( 2 k 3 ) ( 2 k 5 )

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5 s 2 9 s + 4

( 5 s 4 ) ( s 1 )

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6 y 2 + y 15

( 3 y + 5 ) ( 2 y 3 )

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2 n 2 27 n 45

( 2 n + 3 ) ( n 15 )

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60 y 2 + 290 y 50

10 ( 6 y 1 ) ( y + 5 )

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48 z 3 102 z 2 45 z

3 z ( 8 z + 3 ) ( 2 z 5 )

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90 n 3 + 42 n 2 216 n

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16 s 2 + 40 s + 24

8 ( 2 s + 3 ) ( s + 1 )

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48 y 2 + 12 y 36

12 ( 4 y 3 ) ( y + 1 )

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Mixed Practice

In the following exercises, factor.

12 y 2 29 y + 14

( 4 y 7 ) ( 3 y 2 )

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a 2 a 20

( a 5 ) ( a + 4 )

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6 n 2 + 5 n 4

( 2 n 1 ) ( 3 n + 4 )

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13 z 2 + 39 z 26

13 ( z 2 + 3 z 2 )

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x 2 + 3 x 28

( x + 7 ) ( x 4 )

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3 p 2 + 21 p

3 p ( p + 7 )

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6 r 2 + 30 r + 36

6 ( r + 2 ) ( r + 3 )

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24 n 2 + 20 n + 4

4 ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 3 n + 1 )

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x 2 + 2 x 24

( x + 6 ) ( x 4 )

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Everyday math

Height of a toy rocket The height of a toy rocket launched with an initial speed of 80 feet per second from the balcony of an apartment building is related to the number of seconds, t , since it is launched by the trinomial −16 t 2 + 80 t + 96 . Completely factor the trinomial.

−16 ( t 6 ) ( t + 1 )

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Height of a beach ball The height of a beach ball tossed up with an initial speed of 12 feet per second from a height of 4 feet is related to the number of seconds, t , since it is tossed by the trinomial −16 t 2 + 12 t + 4 . Completely factor the trinomial.

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Writing exercises

List, in order, all the steps you take when using the “ac” method to factor a trinomial of the form a x 2 + b x + c .

Answers may vary.

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How is the “ac” method similar to the “undo FOIL” method? How is it different?

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What are the questions, in order, that you ask yourself as you start to factor a polynomial? What do you need to do as a result of the answer to each question?

Answers may vary.

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On your paper draw the chart that summarizes the factoring strategy. Try to do it without looking at the book. When you are done, look back at the book to finish it or verify it.

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Self check

After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.

This table has the following statements all to be preceded by “I can…”. The first row is “recognize a preliminary strategy to factor polynomials completely”. The second row is “factor trinomials of the form a x ^ 2 + b x + c with a GCF”. The third row is “factor trinomials using trial and error”. And the fourth row is “factor trinomials using the “ac” method”. In the columns beside these statements are the headers, “confidently”, “with some help”, and “no-I don’t get it!”.

What does this checklist tell you about your mastery of this section? What steps will you take to improve?

Questions & Answers

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Source:  OpenStax, Elementary algebra. OpenStax CNX. Jan 18, 2017 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12116/1.2
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